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1988, 2002

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21 entries on 21 dates · the books disagree on 21

January 1988

Monday, 18 January 1988

The Lebanese war · Added from the books

Amal lifts its blockade of the Palestinian camps.
Amal ended the blockade of the Palestinian camps it had kept up since 1985. Hanf gives two reasons: the West Bank intifada, which made Syria and Amal look like Israel's accomplices if they kept squeezing the camps, and Amal's coming fight with Hezbollah.

Sources differ: Existing entry 1053 (20 January) describes Syrian and Sixth Brigade deployment around Chatila and Bourj al-Barajneh. Picard's chronology dates an agreement ending the war of the camps to 11 September 1987; Hanf (p. 304) also says the war ended only in late 1988.

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Wednesday, 20 January 1988

The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology

The camps war, that lasted three years, seems to come close to an end with the deployment of the Syrian army and the Lebanese Army sixth brigade, replacing Amal around Chatila and Bourj-Brajneh.

What the books addHanf (p. 315) dates the lifting of Amal's blockade of the camps to 18 January 1988. The sources disagree on when the war of the camps ended: September 1987 (Picard's chronology), January 1988 (Picard, Hanf, de Clerck) or late 1988 (Hanf, p. 304).

Other dates in the books: Friday, 11 September 1987, Monday, 18 January 1988

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February 1988

Wednesday, 17 February 1988

The Lebanese war · Added from the books

US Colonel William Higgins, of the UN truce supervisors, is kidnapped near Tyre.
William Higgins, an American lieutenant-colonel with the UN Truce Supervision Organisation (UNTSO), was abducted at Tyre. He was accused of making the south a 'buffer zone serving Israel'. Amal held Hezbollah responsible, one of the grievances behind their war. A film of his hanging in captivity was circulated on 31 July 1989.

Sources differ: The Confluences article calls him a UNIFIL official; de Clerck's book says UNTSO.

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April 1988

Tuesday, 5 April 1988

The Lebanese war · Added from the books

The Amal-Hezbollah war begins in the south.
Amal launched an offensive to disarm Hezbollah in southern Lebanon. Brief fighting, notably at Nabatiyeh and Ghaziyeh, went Amal's way, and armed Hezbollah fighters vanished from view there. A three-phase 'war of brothers' had begun, lasting until November 1990.

Sources differ: Existing entry 1068 dates the fall of Nabatiyeh to Amal to 6 April. Picard's chronology gives 28 November 1988 for the beginning of Amal-Hezbollah clashes. The Confluences article is by the same authors as de Clerck's book.

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Wednesday, 6 April 1988

The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology

Following combats between Amal and Hezbollah, Nabatiyeh falls in the hands of Amal militiamen.

What the books addThe books date the start of the Amal-Hezbollah fighting in the south to 5 April 1988 (de Clerck); Picard's chronology gives 28 November 1988, which seems to describe the later round in Beirut.

Other dates in the books: Tuesday, 5 April 1988, Monday, 28 November 1988

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Saturday, 30 April 1988

The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology

The body of Bishop Albert Khoreiche was discovered in the forest of Chnaiir, provoking consternation in every milieu. He had disappeared eight days earlier in mysterious conditions.

What the books addDe Clerck and Malsagne (p. 420) identify the victim as head of the Maronite religious court and nephew of the former Patriarch Khoreiche. His body was discovered in a Ghazir forest on 1 May 1988, and the killing was attributed to the Lebanese Forces.

Other date in the books: Sunday, 1 May 1988

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May 1988

Friday, 6 May 1988

The Lebanese war · Added from the books

Amal and Hezbollah begin fighting for the southern suburbs of Beirut.
Beirut's southern suburbs became the scene of the second, deadlier round of the Amal-Hezbollah war. Hezbollah took most of the suburbs in about two weeks, after which Syrian troops entered to protect Amal; Quéméner counts 600 dead.

Sources differ: Hanf says Hezbollah, backed by Iranian Revolutionary Guards and by money that bought over Amal commanders, attacked Amal; the Confluences article, citing sources close to Hezbollah, says it held back until Amal attacked. Entry 1074 gives 157 dead and 666 wounded in six days. For the Syrian entry, Hanf gives 17 May 1988, de Clerck and Malsagne '19 May 1989', and entry 1077 gives 27 May.

Other date in the books: Tuesday, 17 May 1988

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Wednesday, 11 May 1988

The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology

Iran and Syria sponsored a seven-point agreement destined to consolidate the end of combats in the southern suburbs that made, in 6 days, 157 death and 666 injured. The agreement was revised a few days later.

What the books addThe suburb fighting began on 6 May 1988 (de Clerck). The sources disagree on who attacked first: Hezbollah with Iranian support (Hanf) or Amal (de Clerck and Malsagne, Confluences). Quéméner puts the toll at 600 dead over two weeks.

Other dates in the books: Friday, 6 May 1988, Tuesday, 17 May 1988

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Friday, 27 May 1988

The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology

Syrians deploy in the southern suburbs of Beirut.

What the books addHanf (p. 317) dates the Syrian entry into the southern suburbs to 17 May 1988; de Clerck and Malsagne write 19 May (with the year printed as 1989). Neither gives 27 May.

Other dates in the books: Friday, 6 May 1988, Tuesday, 17 May 1988

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early May 1988: day not established

The Lebanese war · Added from the books

Fatah and Abu Musa's dissidents fight for the Beirut camps.
Abu Musa's Syrian-backed Palestinians attacked Arafat's loyalists in Chatila and Bourj al-Barajneh once Amal had turned on Hezbollah; for about two months Palestinians fought in the camps while Shi'is fought in the suburbs. Bourj al-Barajneh's 17,000 people of 30 April, before the fighting, were 2,500 by summer.

Sources differ: De Clerck (p. 110) opens the same passage with 'December 1988', apparently a misprint, since he then says the fighting began in May. Counting back 59 days from 28 June (de Clerck) also gives about 30 April.

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June 1988

Monday, 27 June 1988

The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology

Chatila falls in the hands of the Palestinian dissidents.

What the books addDe Clerck (pp. 170, 576) dates the fall of Chatila to 28 June 1988, after 59 days of shelling; Arafat's fighters were escorted to Ain al-Hilweh.

Other dates in the books: Tuesday, 28 June 1988, Friday, 8 July 1988

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July 1988

Friday, 8 July 1988

The Lebanese war · Added from the books

Bourj al-Barajneh camp falls to Abu Musa's forces.
After some 70 days of fighting, Syrian-backed Fatah dissidents took Bourj al-Barajneh, the last base Arafat held in Beirut. The Lebanese Internal Security Forces escorted his fighters to Ain al-Hilweh, outside Sidon; Syria now controlled the Beirut camps.

Sources differ: De Clerck's chapter 2 says 'early July' and 'ten days' after Chatila fell at the end of June; his chronology and Hanf give 8 July.

Other date in the books: Tuesday, 28 June 1988

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August 1988

Tuesday, 16 August 1988

The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology

The former 78 years old Chief of State, Sleiman Frangie, announces officially his candidacy for the presidential elections.

What the books addTwo days later, on 18 August 1988, the session convened at the Mansour Palace failed to reach a quorum (Hanf, p. 569).

Other date in the books: Thursday, 18 August 1988

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September 1988

Sunday, 18 September 1988

The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology

Mikhael Daher, deputy from the North, 'was designated' candidate at the presidential elections in accordance with a Syrian-American agreement. This designation did not please everyone.

What the books addHanf (pp. 569-570): the joint US-Syrian proposal came out of three days of talks in Damascus from 15 September, after which Murphy warned the Maronite Patriarch that the alternative to Daher was chaos.

Other date in the books: Thursday, 15 September 1988

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Thursday, 22 September 1988

The Lebanese war · Added from the books

Three Amal leaders, among them its southern commander Daoud Daoud, are assassinated.
Daoud Daoud, Amal's commander in the south, was murdered with two other Amal officials; Amal blamed Hezbollah and later cast its war as a response to these killings. In 1988 Daoud had also proclaimed a Christian priest of Tyre, tortured to death, a martyr of Amal. That month the two militias clashed in the Bekaa, the south and Beirut's southern suburbs.

Sources differ: Hanf gives only September 1988; de Clerck and the Confluences article (same authors) give 22 September.

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November 1988

Wednesday, 9 November 1988

The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology

Adel Osseirane names General Sami Khatib, former Chief of the Arab Strike Force, Chief Commander of the Army.

What the books addDe Clerck (p. 283) dates the appointment to 10 November and says Hoss made it; Hanf (p. 571) says early November. On 12 November Aoun's cabinet referred al-Khatib to the military court.

Other date in the books: Thursday, 10 November 1988

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Saturday, 12 November 1988

The Lebanese war · Added from the books

Aoun's cabinet sends General Sami al-Khatib before the military court.
Aoun's cabinet referred Sami al-Khatib to the military court. Two days earlier Salim al-Hoss had made him, a Sunni, army commander, a post normally held by a Maronite, and Aoun's government had at once called it an attempt at partition. The army was split: about 15,000 men under Aoun, 12,000 under Hoss.

Sources differ: De Clerck dates al-Khatib's appointment to 10 November; existing entry 1105 gives 9 November; Hanf says early November.

Other date in the books: Thursday, 10 November 1988

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Friday, 25 November 1988

The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology

West Beirut was the stage of a fresh outbreak of combats between Amal militiamen and the Hezbollah, despite the Syrian army presence.

What the books addPicard dates this round to 28 November 1988, Hanf to early December.

Other date in the books: Monday, 28 November 1988

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December 1988

Friday, 23 December 1988

The Lebanese war · Added from the books

Amal and Arafat's Fatah conclude an agreement.
Amal and Arafat's Fatah reached an accord to calm relations. The Palestinians left the Christian village of Maghdouche and Amal gradually eased its blockade of Rashidieh camp. De Clerck and Malsagne put the dead of the war of the camps at 2,000 to 3,000.

Sources differ: De Clerck (pp. 91-92) dates the Arafat-Berri reconciliation to early 1988, before this formal agreement.

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early December 1988: day not established

The Lebanese war · Added from the books

Heavy Amal-Hezbollah fighting resumes in the southern suburbs.
Neither Amal nor Hezbollah prevailed in a new round of heavy fighting in Beirut's suburbs, despite Syrian mediation; Syria and Iran secured a ceasefire only in early 1989.

Sources differ: Picard dates the start of this round to 28 November 1988 and existing entry 1106 to 25 November. Hanf dates the ceasefire to spring 1989 and de Clerck to February 1989.

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December 2002

December 2002: day not established

After the war · From the books

Rustom Ghazaleh replaces Ghazi Kanaan as Syria's intelligence chief in Lebanon.
Kanaan had ruled from Anjar since 1982, vetting candidates and shaping the 2000 electoral map; his recall signalled Bashar al-Assad's tighter grip on Lebanon. Ghazaleh, his replacement, was implicated in Al-Madina bank's 2003 collapse.

Sources differ: Farewell ceremony 9 October 2002 versus replacement in December 2002.

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