169 entries on 145 dates · the books disagree on 47
dates 1–60 of 145 next
January 1970
Tuesday, 27 January 1970
The road to war · From the books
Annexes to the Cairo Agreement are concluded.
Dated 27 January 1970, the Cairo Agreement's annexes, in Picard's summary, let armed fedayeen travel to and from the southern fronts, chiefly the Arqoub, and put the camps outside Lebanese jurisdiction under Palestinian military police.
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February 1970
February 1970: day not established
The road to war · From the books
A threatened general strike forces health cover under social security.
Some 250,000 employees were due to gain health cover when the government, facing a general strike called for February 1970, started the National Social Security Fund's medical scheme. To pay less, employers laid off long-serving staff en masse.
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March 1970
Monday, 23 March 1970
The road to war · From the books
A Palestinian funeral convoy is fired on at Kahhale.
Palestinians died when a convoy carrying a guerrilla's coffin to Damascus for burial and the residents of Kahhale, a Maronite village, traded fire. Who shot first, and how many were killed, is disputed. Hanf places the incident among the first serious clashes between Palestinians and armed Christians.
Sources differ: De Clerck & Malsagne: a Kataeb attack, 18 Palestinians dead. Hanf: ten dead; he reports both sides' versions and judges it likeliest that villagers took Palestinian shots into the air for an attack.
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Wednesday, 25 March 1970
The road to war · From the books
Bashir Gemayel is kidnapped and held in Tall al-Za'tar.
Kamal Jumblatt's intervention with Yasir Arafat freed Bashir Gemayel, the Kataeb leader's younger son, seized by Palestinians and held in Tall al-Za'tar camp.
Sources differ: Hanf: 25 March 1970, held eight hours. Ménargues: 1969, adding he was beaten. Jumblatt became interior minister after the November 1969 Cairo Agreement (Hanf), which fits late 1969 or 1970.
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late March 1970: day not established
The road to war · From the books
A week of fighting between Palestinians and Kataeb around Tall al-Za'tar.
Only the Egyptian foreign minister's intervention ended a week of Palestinian-Kataeb fighting that broke out right after Kahhale, heaviest between Tall al-Za'tar and Dekwaneh, a mainly Maronite suburb beside it.
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May 1970
May 1970: day not established
The road to war · From the books
Israeli forces invade the south after the shelling of Kiryat Shmona.
Lebanese troops suffered heavy losses when Israel sent forces across the border to retaliate for the Palestinian shelling of Kiryat Shmona. Hanf links the rise in guerrilla raids after the Cairo Agreement to more reprisals and a new wave of villagers fleeing north.
The road to war · From the books
New government rules bar PLO rocket fire, minelaying and weapons in towns.
The Popular Front rejected, and Fatah and Saiqa accepted, the rules set by the government in May: no rocket fire from Lebanese soil, no minelaying, no carrying of arms in towns and villages. Jumblatt, as interior minister, had also sought to keep PLO bases at least a kilometre from any town or village and training out of the camps. It did not last.
The road to war · From the books
The government recognises the Shi'i council and releases aid after a national day for the south.
The government recognised the new Higher Shi'i Council and released ten million dollars of aid for the south, steps taken after an official solidarity day for the region.
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August 1970
August or September 1970 (disputed): day not established
The road to war · From the books
Suleiman Frangieh is elected president by one vote.
Kamal Jumblatt's bloc tipped the balance, and Suleiman Frangieh, a Zghorta clan leader backed by the Tripartite Alliance and Saeb Salam, beat the Chehabist Elias Sarkis by a single vote. When the Speaker contested the result, Frangieh's gunmen came armed into the chamber.
Sources differ: August 1970 (Hanf) against September 1970 (Traboulsi twice, Picard). The September date has more citations, but Picard may refer to the political agreement rather than the vote, and Hanf's footnote is the only explicit date for the election itself. Kept open.
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September 1970
September 1970: day not established
The road to war · From the books
Black September in Jordan: the PLO leadership and thousands of fighters move to Lebanon.
Lebanon became the Palestinian resistance's chief base after King Hussein's army defeated the PLO in Jordan; thousands of fighters and tens of thousands of civilians came with its leaders, who settled in Beirut. Within months, Hanf judges, the Palestinians held the upper hand.
Sources differ: Figures differ: Hanf gives estimates of 200,000 to 500,000 Palestinians in Lebanon after 1970 and calls them unreliable; Picard cites the PLO Research Center (over 240,000 in 1970, plus over 100,000 from Jordan in two years). Quéméner alone gives a day (12 September) for the start of the Jordanian offensive.
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November 1970
November 1970: day not established
The road to war · From the books
Hafez al-Assad takes power in Syria.
Hafez al-Assad seized power in Damascus in a bloodless coup, his 'corrective movement'. Picard sees the Baath, above all after this, as an unofficial tool of Syrian intervention in Lebanon.
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1970
1970: day not established
The road to war · From the books
Tenant farmers of Maronite convents strike for land.
In 1970 gendarmes intervened at Mayfuq, where, as at Tannurin, convent tenants of the Batrun and Jbeil uplands struck and marched for more of the harvest and a share-out of church land.
The road to war · From the books
The labour confederation unifies; the Organisation of Communist Action is born.
In 1970 Lebanon's licensed unions joined the General Confederation of Workers (CGTL), where moderate and right-wing federations still held sway. That year two new-left groups, Socialist Lebanon and the Organisation of Lebanese Socialists, fused as the Organisation of Communist Action in Lebanon (OCAL), which made the fast-growing industrial workforce central to its project and built workers' committees in the factories.
Sources differ: OCAL founded in 1970 (Tufaro, Picard) or 1969 (de Clerck & Malsagne). Tufaro dates the separation of the Organisation of Lebanese Socialists from the Arab Nationalist Movement to 1968-1969, which may explain the earlier date.
Art and memory- testimony In al-Nahar in April 2004, Jocelyne Khueiry and Ahmad al-Jabir (Organisation of Communist Action from 1973) recalled their early-1970s youth as partisans.
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late 1970 (after Frangieh took office): day not established
The road to war · From the books
The Frangieh-Salam government dismantles the army's Deuxième Bureau.
Frangieh and his prime minister, Saeb Salam, swiftly broke up the Chehabist military intelligence: many civil servants were moved; five arrested officers were sentenced to prison and fled to Syria. Hanf argues the state thereby lost control of political groups, which armed as never before.
Sources differ: De Clerck & Malsagne date the trial of the officers to 1973; Hanf and Traboulsi place the purge at the start of the mandate.
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1970, shortly before the presidential election: day not established
The road to war · From the books
Jumblatt legalises the Communist, Arab nationalist, Syrian nationalist and Baath parties.
The Lebanese Communist Party, the Arab Nationalist Movement, the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and the Baath parties were legalised by Kamal Jumblatt in his final act as interior minister.
Sources differ: Traboulsi names the pro-Iraqi Baath; Picard both Baath parties.
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January 1985
Tuesday, 1 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
It is a bad beginning of the year for the Lebanese. Beirut was still divided in two, the problem of kidnapped and disappeared persons was unsolved, the fighting continued in the mountain between the Army and the PSP. In South Lebanon, the assault-reprisal cycle continued.
What the books addFisk's figures for December 1984 alone: some hundred attacks on Israeli forces in the south, with three Israeli soldiers, seventeen of Lahad's militiamen and eight collaborators killed.
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Friday, 4 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A commission was created, including the Lebanese Front, the Progressive Socialist Party, Amal, the Syrian Nationalist Party, and parents of the hostages. The crossing points between the two sectors of the capital were reopened while the plan for the Iqlim was halted because of the conflict between the Progressive Socialist Party and the Lebanese Front.
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Sunday, 6 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The 12th round of the Israeli-Lebanese negotiations in Nakoura started.
What the books addPicard dates the end of President Gemayel's talks with Israel to January 1985.
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Resistance bombs hit an Israeli patrol near Abbasiyeh.
On 6 January gunmen near Deir Qanoun en-Nahr shot dead a collaborator, and west of Abbasiyeh a combined Israeli army and Shin Bet patrol was hit by two roadside bombs and retreated towards Tyre under fire.
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Tuesday, 8 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The security plan for the coastal road and the Iqlim El Kharroub was finally put into execution. The Internal Security Forces started their deployment in these regions.
What the books addHanf dates the army's advance to 9 January 1985, the day he says the Israelis began to pull back. In his account the plan, agreed with Walid Jumblatt, the Sidon Nasserites and the region's Christian deputies, sent a mainly Muslim battalion into the Iqlim al-Kharroub and the Sidon hinterland.
Other date in the books: Wednesday, 9 January 1985
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Father Lawrence Jenco, an American priest, is kidnapped in West Beirut.
Kidnappers in West Beirut seized the American Catholic priest Lawrence Jenco, later a fellow captive of Terry Anderson.
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Saturday, 12 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The army deployed on the coastal road South of Beirut and in the Iqlim EL Kharroub after the withdrawal of the Lebanese Forces and the PSP militiamen. The government appointed Edmond Naim Governor of the Central Bank, Michel Samaha CEO of Télé Liban, Mohammed Beydoun president of the Council of the South, and Ayoub Hemayed General Director of the Information.
What the books addDe Clerck and Malsagne say Edmond Naim succeeded Michel el-Khoury at the Central Bank because both the militia chiefs and the unity cabinet could accept him.
Other date in the books: Wednesday, 9 January 1985
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Monday, 14 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Israeli government decided to withdraw its army from South Lebanon progressively.
What the books addThe withdrawal was unilateral and staged. Antoine Lahad's militia, renamed the South Lebanon Army and backed by Israel, was to police the 'security zone' Israel kept. Historians date the departure from Sidon to 17 February (Traboulsi), and the fall-back to the security zone to May-June 1985 (de Clerck and Malsagne).
Other date in the books: Sunday, 17 February 1985
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Saturday, 19 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Armed confrontations and artillery duels on the axes Kfarchima-Choueifat and Aitate-Souk El Gharb, extended to the residential areas. Four persons were killed and seven others wounded by shells that fell on the regions of Beit-Mery, Bsous, Ain Saadeh and their surroundings.
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Monday, 21 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Moustapha Saad, leader of the Nasserist Popular Organization, was seriously wounded in Saida by a car bomb that killed his daughter.
What the books addSaad survived, nearly blind, but was absent when Israel left Sidon. The UN spokesman told Fisk Israel had held up clearance by half an hour for the UN helicopter flying him to the American University hospital.
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Thursday, 24 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The negotiations in Nakoura were suspended sine die after the two parties refused to moderate their positions.
What the books addPicard dates the end of the talks with Israel to January 1985 and links it to the Lebanese Forces' revolt two months later.
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Saturday, 26 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Selim El Hoss, Minister of Education and Labor, resigned from office. Efforts were made to convince him to review his decision. Indeed, he withdrew his resignation the next day.
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early January 1985: day not established
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Lists of alleged collaborators are posted in Tyre.
The 'Lebanese National Resistance' claimed to have killed 15 collaborators by 11 January; around Tyre, lists naming 60 alleged informers for the Israelis had appeared in the first week of the month.
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February 1985
Monday, 4 February 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Nothing could stop the dollar from rising. For the first time, the green bill was exchanged for over 15 Pounds on the Beirut stock market while the French Franc was quoted at 1.55 Pounds. The Lebanese authorities requested help from Saudi Arabia and asked Rafic Hariri to intercede with King Fahd to grant Lebanon 500 million dollars to boost the economy.
What the books addAnnual figures: the pound fell to about 16 to the dollar in 1985 against 6.5 in 1984, with retail inflation of about 70 per cent (Hanf, citing Abou Rjaily and Labaki); de Clerck and Malsagne put the 1985 devaluation at 150 per cent. Hanf notes that rumours of large PLO deposits briefly strengthened the pound in early 1985.
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Wednesday, 6 February 1985
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Colonel Sleiman Mazloum, a Christian army officer, is shot dead.
Islamic Amal, Sobhi Tufayli's breakaway wing of Amal, killed Colonel Sleiman Mazloum, one of several Christian officers murdered to scare other Christian soldiers away and seize the Bekaa barracks.
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Thursday, 7 February 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Crewmembers of a Cyprus Airways Boeing were held hostages for 5 hours at the Beirut International Airport, by armed elements from Hay El Sellom. As a result, the company suspends its flights to Beirut.
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Sunday, 17 February 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The army made a triumphal entrance in Saida. The transition was smooth and no incident followed the Israeli departure.
What the books addTraboulsi dates Israel's exit from Sidon to 17 February 1985. Fisk describes Christians and Muslims briefly celebrating together when Lebanese troops arrived.
Other date in the books: Wednesday, 9 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
President Gemayel made an unexpected visit to Saida where he was warmly acclaimed. The next day, Islamist women in chador demonstrated in Saida and burnt a Lebanese flag. They also destroyed bars and cafZs, and chanted slogans against the legal authorities.
What the books addPrime Minister Rashid Karami travelled with Gemayel. Hanf records kidnappings of Christians and counter-kidnappings after several thousand Islamists from Beirut rallied in Sidon next day for an Islamic republic while the army stood aside.
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Saturday, 23 February 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A security inspector hijacked a Beirut-Paris MEA flight. A passenger was killed and 13 others were injured. The hijacker had wage claims.
What the books addA passenger died on the runway, flung there by the jets' blast, because the hijacker, Fisk writes, made the Larnaca plane take off with its doors open.
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February 1985: day not established
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Hezbollah makes its existence public with an 'Open Letter'.
Hezbollah, formed in secret in 1982, came into the open with an 'Open Letter' setting out its programme, addressed 'to the deprived of Lebanon and the world'. It demanded Israel's final expulsion from Lebanon and the departure of the United States and France.
Sources differ: The Confluences article is by the same authors as Le Liban en guerre, so it is not independent confirmation.
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Israel applies its 'iron fist' policy in the south (February-June).
When guerrillas struck again after the pull-out from Sidon, Israel hit Shia villages with large raids, mass arrests, curfews and demolitions, until it withdrew to the 'security zone' in June.
Sources differ: Picard calls it 'Operation Iron Hand'; Fisk the 'iron fist'.
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mid February 1985: day not established
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Israel's best-known informer in Sidon flees by sea.
With Israel about to leave Sidon, its most notorious collaborator, 'Abu Arida', put to sea in mid-February with two dozen of his men. Early in the month others had been told their Israeli protection was over.
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March 1985
Sunday, 3 March 1985
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Hundreds of Israeli troops raid Maarakeh.
On 3 March hundreds of Israeli troops searched Maarakeh, east of Tyre, home of the resistance leader Khalil Jerardi. Hidden with his colleague Mohammed Saad, he met the press within hours; a bomb killed both next day (entry of 4 March).
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Monday, 4 March 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A bomb attack against the Husseiniyeh in Maarakeh killed 11 persons, including two leaders of the Amal movement, and wounded 28 others.
What the books addOn 4 March 1985, a day after an Israeli raid, a bomb on the roof of the resistance office above Maarakeh's mosque killed Khalil Jerardi, nominally Amal but a Hezbollah supporter, and Mohammed Saad, an Amal commander in the south. French UN officers who examined it believed the departing Israelis had left it (Fisk's report, not an established finding).
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Wednesday, 6 March 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Lebanese Pound reached a new record, with over a 19 Pounds drop in value. The pound had lost half its value compared to the dollar since the beginning of the year.
What the books addSee the note on 4 February: Hanf's yearly table puts the pound at 16 to the dollar for 1985.
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Friday, 8 March 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A mass killing took place in Bir El Abed. A car bomb killed 62 persons and wounded 200 others, including a large number of women, children and elderly persons.
What the books addSheikh Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, the target, escaped with his bodyguard Imad Mughniyeh. Fisk dates the car bomb to 9 March and writes of more than 80 dead, nearly all civilians, citing the Washington Post on CIA involvement. De Clerck and Malsagne give 80 dead and 256 wounded and cite confessions by local agents, traced by Hezbollah, that the CIA commissioned it with Mossad help and Saudi funds.
Other date in the books: Saturday, 9 March 1985
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Saturday, 9 March 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Thanks to Syria's intervention, opposition ministers Berri and Joumblatt met in Bickfaya with Presidents Gemayel and Karameh. The smoothing of the relations led to a promise of a cooling down on the Souk El Gharb front. During the meeting, the bombs were continuing to fall on Hazmieh and Achrafieh and kidnappings of innocent civilians were still taking place on various crossing roads in Beirut.
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Monday, 11 March 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Israelis attacked Zrariyeh claiming tens of victims and huge destructions. Many persons were also arrested.
What the books addA survivor told Fisk an Israeli officer at Zrariyeh shot a Lebanese soldier who had surrendered. Tanks ran over occupied cars; gunmen, women and old men died; and the departing soldiers painted 'This is the revenge of the Israeli army' on the square.
Art and memory- book Souha Taraf-Najib devoted a study to Zrariyé, the village attacked in March 1985: Zrariyé, village chiite du Liban-Sud (Cahiers du Cermoc no. 4, 1992).
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Samir Geagea is expelled from the Kataeb.
Samir Geagea was expelled from the Kataeb on 11 March for refusing the government's early-March order to dismantle the Barbara roadblock, manned by his northern militiamen; its tolls had been the Lebanese Forces' main income since Quay 5 was returned.
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Tuesday, 12 March 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The United States vetoed the adoption by the United Nations Security Council of a Lebanese resolution that condemns Israeli actions against civilians in South Lebanon.
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
The 'intifada' of Samir Geagea and Elie Hobeika takes over the Lebanese Forces.
Calling for an 'independent Christian decision' and an end to concessions to Syria, Samir Geagea, Elie Hobeika and Karim Pakradouni led a revolt within the Lebanese Forces against President Amin Gemayel and the Kataeb leadership. The rebels took the LF headquarters in Ashrafieh after its main barracks north of Beirut; the army had to keep them apart from Kataeb loyalists.
Sources differ: De Clerck and Malsagne say the intifada ousted LF commander Fouad Abou Nader, the president's nephew; Hanf presents it as a revolt against the Kataeb leadership and the president. De Clerck and Malsagne's figure of about 1,000 dead covers both intifadas (1985 and 1986) together.
Art and memory- testimony Jocelyne Khoueiry, in the Kataeb women's unit since 1975, quit and went back to civilian life after Geagea's intifada of March 1985; she felt 'our cause had been betrayed'.
- place Shellfire and snipers hit the Rizk Hospital in Ashrafieh in 1985, when East Beirut's militia factions fought each other.
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Thursday, 14 March 1985
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
British metallurgist Geoffrey Nash is kidnapped in West Beirut.
Three gunmen abducted Geoffrey Nash near his home in Makhoul Street. Nash, a British metallurgist, worked for the Lebanese industrial institute.
Other date in the books: Tuesday, 8 January 1985
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Friday, 15 March 1985
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
British businessman Brian Levick is kidnapped in West Beirut.
On rue Australie five gunmen took Brian Levick, the Coral oil company's British general manager, out of his car; Terry Anderson was seized twelve and a half hours later.
Other date in the books: Tuesday, 8 January 1985
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Saturday, 16 March 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The regional director of the Associated Press, Terry Anderson, was kidnapped in West Beirut. Many other US and British nationals had already been kidnapped. The Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for these acts.
What the books addTerry Anderson was the AP's Beirut bureau chief. He was seized near the Ain Mreisseh mosque and held for more than six years. Two Britons had been kidnapped in the two days before him; Islamic Jihad claimed all three on 17 March.
Art and memory- book Terry Anderson's memoir Den of Lions (1993) recounts his captivity; Fisk devotes a chapter, 'Wait for me', to his kidnapping.
Other dates in the books: Tuesday, 8 January 1985, Sunday, 17 March 1985
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Sunday, 17 March 1985
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Islamic Jihad claims the kidnapping of Terry Anderson and two Britons.
Islamic Jihad told Reuters by telephone that it held Terry Anderson, Brian Levick and Geoffrey Nash, accused foreigners in 'Islamic Beirut' of spying and warned the foreigners who remained.
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Tuesday, 19 March 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A second round of fights between the Lebanese Forces, the Army, and the local militias killed 7 persons and injured 30 others East of Saida.
What the books addOver 20,000 Sunnis fled Sidon after the 12 March revolt, as Lebanese Forces units east of the city, reinforced from the north, shelled its Muslim districts, Ain al-Hilweh camp and army posts near Mieh-Mieh. Nasserites, Palestinians and largely Sunni army units united against them (Hanf, Fisk).
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Friday, 22 March 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Islamic Jihad kidnapped the French vice-consul, Marcel Fontaine, and another diplomat, Marcel Carton, in Beirut.
A new wage increase was decided, raising the minimum salary to 1475 Lebanese Pounds.
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Israeli tank fire on villages south-east of Sidon; two CBS cameramen killed.
A single Merkava shell killed the CBS crew Tewfiq Ghazawi and Bahij Metni at Kfar Melki as Israeli tanks, before leaving Tyre, shelled Shia villages over 16 miles south-east of Sidon; villagers fled. Israel announced 21 'terrorists' dead.
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Monday, 25 March 1985
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
British writer Alec Collett is kidnapped at Khalde.
Alec Collett, 64, a British freelance writing on Palestinian refugees for the UN, was never freed. Gunmen took him a hundred yards from Amal's Khalde checkpoint; the 'Revolutionary Organisation of Socialist Muslims' claimed it.
Other date in the books: Friday, 22 March 1985
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
A pro-Syrian Palestinian National Salvation Front is created in Damascus.
The pro-Syrian Palestinian National Salvation Front was set up in Damascus.
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March 1985: day not established
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Dutch Jesuit Nicolas Kluiters is kidnapped and killed in the Bekaa.
Nicolas Kluiters, a Dutch Jesuit missionary, was seized by kidnappers in the Bekaa, who tortured and killed him.
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mid March 1985: day not established
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
A suicide car bomb kills 12 Israeli soldiers near Marjayoun.
A suicide car bomb killed 12 soldiers in an Israeli convoy above Marjayoun. Israel's reprisal fell on Zrariyeh (entry of 11 March).
Sources differ: Fisk places the attack after the Beirut bombing he dates to 9 March; the original entry dates the Zrariyeh reprisal to 11 March.
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April 1985
Monday, 1 April 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The region of Saida was heavily bombarded. Artillery duels opposed the Lebanese Forces on the one hand, to local antigovernment militias and army units that don't follow the commandment of Yarzeh on the other.
Other date in the books: Wednesday, 24 April 1985
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Tuesday, 9 April 1985
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Sana' Muhaydli drives a car bomb into Israeli soldiers near Jezzine.
Sana' Muhaydli, an SSNP member from the Tyre region, carried out a car-bomb attack on Israeli soldiers at Batir, near Jezzine, killing two. Known as the 'bride of the South', she is regarded as Lebanon's first woman 'martyr'.
Art and memory- memorial Sana' Muhaydli, the 'bride of the South', is known as Lebanon's first woman 'martyr'; Amal women killed confronting Israeli troops or the SLA in 1982-1985 are honoured yearly.
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Tuesday, 16 April 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
West Beirut plunged back into panic and street combats, with the outburst of abrupt confrontations between Amal and the Mourabitun, killing 2 persons and wounding 16 others.
What the books addThese clashes ended with the destruction of the Mourabitoun militia by Amal and the PSP. Fisk and Hanf date it to April 1985; Picard and de Clerck and Malsagne to May 1985.
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Wednesday, 24 April 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
After 40 days of combats, the Lebanese Forces fighters started to withdraw from Saida. The Israelis continued their withdrawal in the West of the Bekaa region; only 12% of the Lebanese territory remained under their control. The Lebanese Army settled in the evacuated areas but the PSP positioned in the Barouk while the South Lebanon Army took position in Jezzine.
What the books addHanf: Lahad's South Lebanon Army halted the Palestinian and Sunni advance at Kfar Falous, midway between Sidon and Jezzine, and on 24 April the Lebanese Forces' fighters from other regions shipped out to Beirut with their heavy artillery. De Clerck and Malsagne date Lahad's creation of the SLA to April 1985, after Israel left Tyre.
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Friday, 26 April 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Islamic-Progressive militias rushed into Christian villages next to Saida. Thousands of families were forced out of their homes. Tens of Christian villages in the Iqlim El Kharroub and East of Saida were looted, vandalized, and burned. The State was more powerless than ever, the Lebanese Army being unable to stop the massacres.
What the books addAbout fifty Christian villages east of Sidon and in the Iqlim al-Kharroub were taken. Estimates of the Christians displaced range from 70,000 (Picard) and 85,000-86,000 (Hanf) to 80,000-125,000 (de Clerck and Malsagne), many reaching East Beirut by sea; few have returned. Hanf writes that the Kharroub villages were razed with Transport Ministry equipment; Fisk describes Mieh Mieh looted and torn down, and a well filled with corpses at Jiyeh after the Druze took it.
Other date in the books: Wednesday, 24 April 1985
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Monday, 29 April 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Israelis withdrew from Tyr and the Lebanese army replaced them.
What the books addFisk: once Israel had left Tyre, Shia militiamen called the Litani bridge the 'Khalil Jerardi bridge', after the resistance leader killed at Maarakeh.
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Tuesday, 30 April 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
It was hell in Beirut. Insane bombing continued in both sectors of the capital, crossing points had been closed illustrating the gravity of the situation, while 20,000 Christians from South Lebanon took refuge in the region of Marjeyoun.
What the books addIsraeli helicopters dropped leaflets urging the Christians who fled in 1985 to stay in the occupied zone; most went north to the Christian areas. Hanf counts 86,000 refugees in Jezzine and the zone.
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late April 1985: day not established
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
The Druze take Jiyeh; a well full of bodies is found.
The Druze, who captured Phalange-held Jiyeh at the end of April, blew up its Maronite church about a week after journalists had been shown a well full of corpses beside it, and later flattened the Christian houses.
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April 1985: day not established
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Antoine Lahad sets up the South Lebanon Army.
With Israel gone from Tyre, Antoine Lahad recast the Army of Free Lebanon as the South Lebanon Army, an Israeli-funded and Israeli-armed militia that held the 'security zone'.
Sources differ: The SLA's make-up: mostly Shia troops under Christian cadres (de Clerck and Malsagne) or mostly Christian (Picard).
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May 1985
Thursday, 2 May 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Lebanese overseas protested against the recent events in Lebanon. They occupied the Lebanese embassies and consulates in the West, in order to attract the attention of the public opinion to the fate of those living in South Lebanon.
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dates 1–60 of 145 next
