lebanese war
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1975/1990
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65 news for the 22nd, 26th of every month

with the books

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May 26, 1975monday
The military Cabinet resigned
Islamic and leftist leaders rejected this Cabinet. The Lebanese considered it as a challenge. Karameh presented his candidature to form a new Government, in a climate of terror imposed by militias. Lootings, killings, and kidnappings continued.

\_this day in full the books also date it 28 May 1975 \_on this day

\_what the books add

The National Movement's call for a general strike, supported by the leading Sunni politicians, Mufti Hassan Khaled, Musa al-Sadr and Raymond Edde, brought down the military cabinet on 26 May; on 28 May Frangieh appointed Rashid Karami Prime Minister.

August 26, 1975tuesday
Kheir Traboulsi, the Lebanese weightlifter, vice-champion at the Munich Olympic Games, won 3 gold medals at the 7th Mediterranean games in Alger.

\_this day in full \_on this day

November 26, 1975wednesday
Kurt Waldheim, the Secretary General of the United Nations, visited Lebanon for a few hours. He declared that the Lebanese themselves held the solution to the Lebanese crisis.

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December 22, 1975monday
Thousands of armed elements attempted to invade Zahleh
The army riposted and hundreds of shells, mortars and rockets, fell on the Town. Simultaneously, bloody fights were reported in Tripoli.

\_this day in full the books also date it 20 December 1975 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Bishop Yuhanna Bassul's diary records 500 shells hitting Zahleh on the night of 22 December, with some 15,000 fedayeen gathered in the plain; at his appeal the army's Maghawir commando regiment came to help. Hanf writes that 3,000 men of the PLA's Yarmouk Brigade had entered from Syria on 20 December and besieged the town, which Syrian positions also shelled.

January 22, 1976thursday
While the Palestine Liberation Army controlled the Akkar and the Bekaa with the exception of Zahleh, a cease-fire was concluded under the aegis of Syria.

\_this day in full the books also date it 23 January 1976 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Traboulsi, de Clerck and Malsagne, and Yara El Khoury date the Syrian-mediated cease-fire to 23 January. PLA and Saiqa units attacked Zgharta in the north but were repulsed, and Zahleh, besieged, held out.

September 22, 1976wednesday
Bechir Gemayel announced the creation of an army to defend Lebanon.

\_this day in full the books also date it 25 March 1976, 31 August 1976 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Ménargues dates the formal unification of the Christian militias under Bashir Gemayel's command to 31 August 1976; Yara El Khoury has it announced to President Frangieh in early September 1976. According to de Clerck and Malsagne, 'Lebanese Forces' was not the official name until 1981, but the unified command was officially founded on 25 March 1976.

October 22, 1976friday
The effective cease-fire was a partial success.
Observers considered however that this result was encouraging after 10 months of fierce combats. But the situation could deteriorate at any moment given the unrest in South Lebanon. Bloody fights were reported between the 'common forces' on the one hand, and rightist parties within the South Lebanon Army (SLA) on the other, supported by Israeli artillery.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

In 1976 Major Saad Haddad's force was known as the Army of Free Lebanon; it took the name South Lebanon Army only in 1985. Agreed through American mediation, the 'red line' kept Syrian and other Arab troops out of the south, where Palestinians and Christian militias kept fighting and Israel backed Haddad (Hanf).

May 26, 1977thursday
The mandate of the Arab four-party committee in charge of the execution of the Palestinian-Lebanese Cairo agreement had expired, while the agreement had not been executed yet.

\_this day in full \_on this day

January 22, 1978sunday
The Lebanese Front adopted a coexistence formula.
Leaders of the Lebanese Front, gathered at President Frangieh's home in Zghorta since the day before, inaugurated their seminar which main themes were the national understanding, the project of Palestinians settlement in Lebanon, and the internal organization of the Front itself. Their final press release made it clear that the Palestinian presence constituted an obstacle to the national understanding and that Lebanon rejected any kind of union.

\_this day in full the books also date it 21 January 1977 \_on this day

January 26, 1978thursday
Feyrouz played Queen of ' Petra ', the play that the Rahbani brothers wrote and presented at the Picadilly Theatre. Assi Rahbani was the Director, Abdel-Hamid Caracalla was in charge of the scenography, Papou Lahoud did the costumes, and Ghazi Kahwaji the decoration.

\_this day in full \_on this day

March 22, 1978wednesday
The first ' Blue Helmets ' arrived to the South.

\_this day in full the books also date it 23 March 1978 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Fisk dates the arrival in Tyre of UNIFIL's first unit, Colonel Jean Germain Salvan's French paratroopers, to 23 March. That morning, at the nearby Hassan Borro barracks, Palestinians and Lebanese officers nearly opened fire over the handover.

July 26, 1978wednesday
The Israeli Prime Minister Menahem Begin declared : 'Christians in Lebanon are threatened of being annihilated'.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

Fisk adds that the Syrian shelling slackened around this time after sonic booms from a pair of Israeli jets flying low over West Beirut.

August 22, 1978tuesday
Raymond Eddeh called the UN Security Council to hold a meeting. The leader of the National Bloc declared 'My country is like a man that is sinking in a marsh and is being shot.

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September 26, 1978tuesday
President Alfred Naccache was dead from pneumonia. He was 91 years old. He was President of the Republic between 1941 and 1943, under the French mandate. After the independence, he was given several ministerial functions, before he retired from politics. He was born in Beirut in 1887 and studied law at Saint Joseph University. He became advisor for the supreme court of appeal, and then headed the appeal court. In 1941, he became President of the Republic until March 18, 1943. He was titular of several honorific distinctions such as the great cordon of the cedar order.

\_this day in full \_on this day

January 22, 1979monday
One of the closest collaborators of Yasser Arafat, Ali Hassan Salameh, nicknamed of Abou Hassan, died in an explosion. The attack that took place in the Snoubra sector caused 11 dead and 17 injured.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

According to de Clerck and Malsagne, a Mossad agent detonated a bomb in a Volkswagen as Salameh's Chevrolet passed. His wife, Georgina Rizk, had been Lebanon's first Miss Universe.

April 22, 1979sunday
In a new episode of the vendetta opposing the Zghoriotes to the Phalangists, a massacre was perpetrated in Shmout, in the caza of Jbeil, where the Marada shot 11 Phalangist militiamen.

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April 26, 1979thursday
While Israel was bombing several localities in the South, the Security Council restated its support to the unity and integrity of Lebanon.

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July 22, 1979sunday
The Israeli aviation bombarded Damour, Naameh, Sarafand and Adloun, making heavy casualties: 18 dead and 70 wounded including women and children.

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September 22, 1979saturday
President Elias Sarkis delivered an important speech, in which he emphasized the overriding role the army should play. Without it 'the State will be a body with no soul', he said. He insisted that the Arabs should stop to shilly-shally about Southern Lebanon.

\_this day in full the books also date it 13 March 1979 \_on this day

September 26, 1979wednesday
Shiite leaders headed by Sheikh Mohammed Mehdi Chamseddine requested the deployment of the army in Southern Lebanon.

\_this day in full \_on this day

November 22, 1979thursday
For the first time since 1974, the Lebanese celebrated Independence Day with showiness.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

Hanf writes that West Beirut's Sunnis sided with the Shi'is on National Day, which became a protest against every foreign armed presence; cedar flags hung all over the city.

December 26, 1979wednesday
Efforts intensified to free the Zghortiote hostages. Sleiman Frangieh set the deadline to December 31.

\_this day in full \_on this day

January 22, 1980tuesday
The Arab Strike Force withdrew from the road going South. This initiative surprised the authorities.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

Hanf places it in early 1980. Palestine Liberation Army units under Syrian or pro-Syrian command took over the Syrian posts in and near Beirut, while the Syrian troops, bar one garrison, quit the city's dividing line and the coast road to the south and redeployed to the heights above the capital.

March 22, 1980saturday
Tanker owners suspended the delivery of fuel causing a gas shortage in Beirut. Strikers claimed the return of vehicles that had disappeared in Saida.

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April 22, 1980tuesday
A car parked 50 meters away from the regional office of the Phalange Party in Jdeideh exploded injuring 5 persons.

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July 26, 1980saturday
Violent combats burst in the Bekaa region between Amal and LFA killing 11 persons and injuring 15 others.

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August 26, 1980tuesday
Sheikh Abdel Amir Kabalan, the nephew of the Mufti Jaafari, was killed next to the Unesco.

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September 26, 1980friday
An assault was launched against the US embassy in West Beirut. Two missiles were fired on the chancellery hitting the second and fourth floors. The aggressors remained unidentified.

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October 22, 1980wednesday
Chafic Wazzan was asked to form a new government, while Israel launched an air strike againt Damour. The aerial Traffic at the Beirut International Airport was interrupted.

\_this day in full the books also date it 25 October 1980 \_on this day

\_what the books add

In Ménargues's account the appointment came on 25 October, after Damascus had vetoed Takieddine Solh and put up three candidates including Hoss; by picking none of them Sarkis disregarded Syrian advice for the first time in his presidency.

April 22, 1981wednesday
The nightmare continued. The Lebanese authorities were completely powerless to stop the violence and the conflicting parties were unable to reach an agreement. The Beirut International Airport was closed to traffic and both dead and wounded victims continued to shed their blood on this agonizing Lebanese land.

\_this day in full the books also date it 11 May 1981 \_on this day

\_what the books add

According to Ménargues, Bashir Gemayel answered the collapse of a cease-fire on 22 April, which left 140 dead or wounded in Beirut within hours, by having the international airport shelled. On 11 May US ambassador John Gunther Dean urged the Lebanese Forces, via Alfred Madi, to let it reopen; that evening they dropped their objection.

May 22, 1981friday
While the US envoy Philip Habib continued his trips between the different belligerents, the missile question seemed to be far from being settled as the parties concerned toughened their positions.

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October 26, 1981monday
Terrorism hit once again. 20 persons were injured in a car explosion in Sin el Fil.

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May 26, 1982wednesday
The French Prime Minister Pierre Mauroy declared during his visit in Beirut: 'France stays but is not at war with anyone.'

\_this day in full the books also date it 24 May 1982 \_on this day

August 26, 1982thursday
The Lebanese authorities claimed the withdrawal of the Fedayin from the Bekaa region and the North, while the Italian and French contingents arrived to Beirut.

\_this day in full the books also date it 25 August 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Ménargues has the Hittin brigade's 1,350 Palestine Liberation Army soldiers driving out to Damascus on 26 August, as Italian Bersaglieri of the San Marco regiment and more French legionnaires came ashore. Robert Fisk dates the first US Marine landing to 25 August; Ménargues to 27 August.

September 26, 1982sunday
The Army occupied the positions evacuated by the Israelis in Beirut.

\_this day in full the books also date it 27 September 1982 \_on this day

October 22, 1982friday
Having received and international back up to his efforts, the President of the Republic focused on boosting the negotiations to reach a comprehensive resolution of the Lebanese question. The short-term goals were: an agreement on the withdrawal of all foreign forces from Lebanon and an increase in the size of the Multinational Force, as well as an extension of its area of deployment which was currently limited to Beirut and its close surroundings.

\_this day in full \_on this day

March 26, 1983saturday
Following troubles triggered by a series of arrests, the Army reinstated the calm in Bir El Abed. It was the first incident of this kind since the inception of 'Greater Beirut'.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

Hanf dates Amal's first fighting with the army to March 1983, after soldiers had arrested large numbers of Shi'is on dubious charges.

April 22, 1983friday
While President Reagan was still determined to reestablish security and freedom in Lebanon, Lawrence Eagleburger, the American under-secretary of State, arrived in Beirut to take back the remains of the American citizens killed during the attack against the American embassy.

\_this day in full \_on this day

April 26, 1983tuesday
The Phalangist militia handed over the alleged assassin of Bechir Gemayel, Habib Chartouni, to the Army.

\_this day in full the books also date it 28 April 1983 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Ménargues dates the handover to 28 April 1983. Held in an army intelligence cell at the Defence Ministry in Yarze, Chartouni admitted the killing before the military prosecutor that day. The case was later handed by Amine Gemayel's cabinet to a constitutional High Court that had never been created; he was freed on 13 October 1990.

May 22, 1983sunday
23 hostages were executed in the Chouf. Efforts intensified to avoid escalation.

\_this day in full \_on this day

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