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57 news for February, June, July, September, December 1982

with the books

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February 1, 1982monday
The inflow of heavy Israeli weapons on the Lebanese territory continued. These weapons were installed in the borderline enclave controlled by Saad Haddad.

\_this day in full \_on this day

February 4, 1982thursday
The investigation conducted in Italy on the vanishing of the Shiite Imam Moussa Sadr ended. The Italians were convinced that the Imam never left Libya.

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February 8, 1982monday
Israel reiterated its threats against the South, while Lebanon continued its contacts to eliminate the dangers weighing on the Southern zone and to increase the number of UNIFL soldiers in the area.

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February 13, 1982saturday
A car bomb exploded next to the Palestinian camp of Ain El Heloueh killing 6 persons and injuring 12 others.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

De Clerck and Malsagne, drawing on Ronen Bergman, attribute to Ariel Sharon a series of car bombings from October 1981, carried out under the name 'Front for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners' and aimed chiefly at Palestinians, to provoke retaliation that could justify an invasion. They list no individual attacks, so this bombing cannot be matched to their account.

February 17, 1982wednesday
Tension rose in North Lebanon where serious incidents were reported. Armed elements opened fire on a checkpoint of the Arab Strike Force. The combats continued for the following days, killing 18 persons and injuring 40.

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\_what the books add

Hanf sets this fighting in a contest for Tripoli: with the local Sunni militia on their side, the Palestinians resisted Syria's bid to dominate the north.

February 23, 1982tuesday
Two car bombs killed 4 persons and injured 54 others in Raoucheh.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

De Clerck and Malsagne, drawing on Ronen Bergman, attribute to Ariel Sharon a series of car bombings from October 1981, carried out under the name 'Front for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners' and aimed chiefly at Palestinians, to provoke retaliation that could justify an invasion. They list no individual attacks, so this bombing cannot be matched to their account.

February 24, 1982wednesday
A commando of the partisans of the Imam Moussa Sadr burst into the Beirut International Airport and took control of a Boeing 707 of the Kuwait Airways that had just landed with 195 passengers on board. The negotiations led to the release of the passengers. The commando members surrendered to the Arab Strike Force. After this incident, the Kuwaiti company interrupted its flights to Beirut.

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February 25, 1982thursday
1000 additional 'blue helmets' joined the UNIFL battalion.

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February 27, 1982saturday
The explosion of a car bomb killed 4 persons and wounded 26 others in Ouzaï.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

De Clerck and Malsagne, drawing on Ronen Bergman, attribute to Ariel Sharon a series of car bombings from October 1981, carried out under the name 'Front for the Liberation of Lebanon from Foreigners' and aimed chiefly at Palestinians, to provoke retaliation that could justify an invasion. They list no individual attacks, so this bombing cannot be matched to their account.

June 4, 1982friday
Within an hour, the Israeli airplanes inflicted on Beirut the toughest bombing since the Fakahani attack in seven successive rounds. Sixty persons were killed and 270 injured in these air raids against the sectors of the Sports City, Sabra, Chatila, and Bourj Brajneh.

\_this day in full the books also date it 17 July 1981, 3 June 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Abu Nidal's group, an enemy of the PLO leadership, had shot Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador in London, on the night of 3 June; Israel answered with the raids. Robert Fisk notes that the bombs hit a PLO arms dump in the old stadium near Fakhani and a Palestinian children's hospital by Sabra; Palestinian sources gave 50 dead, Lebanese officials 210 civilians. The original's 'Fakhani attack' is the Israeli raid of 17 July 1981.

June 5, 1982saturday
The South was burning. Over 150 persons killed and 250 wounded were reported while the Israeli artillery, navy and aviation bombarded 38 towns and localities.

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A Palestinian Katyusha killed an Israeli motorist in Galilee on 5 June, a day of some 50 Israeli raids by Fisk's count, which left civilians burning in cars on the coast road north of Damour. Picard's chronology and one passage of de Clerck and Malsagne date the start of the invasion to 5 June; the books' main chronologies give 6 June.

June 6, 1982sunday
The Israelis invaded the South along three axes.
The Security Council adopted immediately a resolution requesting the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all Israeli forces up to the internationally recognized borderlines. However, this did not stop Israel from reaching Saida and Tyr.

\_this day in full the books also date it 5 June 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

The invasion, called 'Operation Peace for Galilee', began on Sunday 6 June: Israeli commandos crossed the border at 1.30 a.m. to attack Beaufort castle (Ménargues), and up to 25,000 troops moved along the coast, through Tibnin and across the eastern sector (Fisk). The government declared a limited aim of a 40-kilometre zone, but Defence Minister Ariel Sharon and Chief of Staff Rafael Eitan kept advancing (Hanf). One overview in de Clerck and Malsagne and Picard's chronology give 5 June.

June 8, 1982tuesday
The Israelis made a surprise breakthrough in the Upper-Chouf in Moukhtara, Barouk, Baakline, up to Ain Zhalta. The Israeli Prime Minister Menahem Begin sent a message to the Syrian President Hafez El Assad asking him not to intervene in the fights.

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Fisk: on 8 June Israeli paratroopers set up a listening post on the Barouk heights and close to 100 tanks advanced from Baaqlin to Beit Eddine, unopposed by the Chouf Druze. Hanf: Israel told Syria, via American diplomats, that its only target was the PLO.

June 9, 1982wednesday
A gigantic air battle took place over the Bekaa. The Israelis were 10 kilometers away from Beirut.

\_this day in full the books also date it 8 June 1982, 10 June 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

On 9 June Israeli aircraft destroyed the Syrian SAM missile batteries in the Bekaa and fought a long air battle with Syrian MiGs. Figures: 22 MiGs downed and 19 batteries destroyed that day (Ménargues); more than 80 planes and all missile batteries lost in five days (Picard). The same evening Israeli paratroopers took Damour, on the coast south of Beirut.

June 10, 1982thursday
The Lebanese Army deployed in West Beirut.

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June 11, 1982friday
207 civilians died and 647 were wounded as a result of the Israeli barbarian operations.

\_this day in full the books also date it 4 June 1982, 14 June 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Robert Fisk cites Red Cross and police counts of 9,583 killed and 16,608 wounded across Lebanon by 14 June; Israel's own civilian casualty figure for 4-21 June was 460. Hanf notes that the Syrian-Israeli ceasefire of 11 June excluded the PLO.

June 13, 1982sunday
The Israeli troops attacked Baabda where they occupied the Seraglio and the governmental hospital.

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On 13 June Israeli forces reached Baabda and Yarze, seats of the presidency and the army command, and joined the Lebanese Forces' lines (Hanf, Ménargues); Fisk dates the arrival of Sharon and his forward troops at Baabda to just before midnight.

June 16, 1982wednesday
The bombings resumed on West Beirut.

\_this day in full the books also date it 15 June 1982 \_on this day

June 18, 1982friday
The Beirut International Airport was also bombed.

\_this day in full the books also date it 6 June 1982 \_on this day

June 20, 1982sunday
A Public Salvation Committee was constituted. It included: Bechjr Gemayel, Walid Joumblatt, Nabih Berry, Nasri Maalouf, Chafic Wazzan, and Fouad Boutros. Walid Joumblatt resigned from office a few days later.

\_this day in full the books also date it 14 June 1982, 22 June 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Ménargues and Fisk date the decision to form the committee to 14 June; Traboulsi has it convening on 20 June. Philip Habib attended its sessions of 22 and 23 June. Its agenda, Traboulsi notes, dealt with the PLO's withdrawal, not the Israeli occupation; Jumblatt quit the committee and the cabinet rather than 'deal the final blow to the Palestinians', and Berri stopped taking part.

June 25, 1982friday
A savage bombardment of Beirut caused tens of victims. Simultaneously, a violent battle was raging close to Aley.

\_this day in full the books also date it 24 June 1982 \_on this day

June 28, 1982monday
The PLO accepted the idea of leaving Beirut to save the city, with, in return, an Israeli withdrawal from the surroundings of the capital.

\_this day in full the books also date it 27 June 1982, 30 June 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Fisk dates the PLO's statement that it would leave Beirut, made public by Saeb Salam, to 30 June; Hanf puts its agreement in principle only at the end of July. On 27 June an Israeli cabinet statement had first floated a negotiated exit: the Lebanese army would take over West Beirut and the disarmed fighters would leave by road for Syria (Ménargues).

July 2, 1982friday
In a press conference held at the Alexander hotel, the Israeli Defense Minister, Ariel Sharon, invited the Lebanese to fight against the Palestinians.

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\_what the books add

Bashir Gemayel, back from Saudi Arabia on 2 July, said the PLO did not mean to leave. Two hours earlier, at the Alexandre Hotel, Sharon had told reporters, Robert Fisk among them, that Israel's only aim was to destroy the PLO and it wanted not 'one square inch' of Lebanon.

July 3, 1982saturday
While waiting for the PLO's response to the Israeli conditions, West Beirut was under a tight blockade.

\_this day in full the books also date it 2 July 1982 \_on this day

July 4, 1982sunday
Without renouncing to the diplomatic option, Israel toughened the pressure on Beirut, by depriving its inhabitants of water and electricity.

\_this day in full the books also date it 5 July 1982, 26 July 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

A US-backed Security Council resolution demanded that West Beirut's water and power be restored; Lebanon's minister of hydroelectric resources called the Israeli step 'inhuman'. Fisk dates the cut to early on 5 July, when Israel switched off electricity and water and barred food, having reduced power since the third week of June. Ménargues describes a further cut on 26 July.

July 5, 1982monday
The Israelis controlled the Beirut International Airport where violent fights opposed them to the Palestinian-Progressive Joint Forces.

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July 6, 1982tuesday
The US President, Ronald Reagan, decided to send American troops to Lebanon in order to reestablish peace and evacuate the Fedayin.

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July 9, 1982friday
While Beirut and its suburbs were severely bombed, Damascus refused to receive the Fedayin.

\_this day in full the books also date it 7 July 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

In Ménargues, Damascus unofficially signalled no objection to transit through Latakia on 7 July, then officially refused the fighters on 9 July, the day Israeli troops took the Beit Eddine army barracks.

July 10, 1982saturday
Philip Habib suggested that the French troops evacuate the Fedayin.
Despite the approval of this formula by Beirut, Paris, and the PLO, an obstacle subsisted: the destination country of the Palestinian fighters.

\_this day in full the books also date it 7 July 1982 \_on this day

July 11, 1982sunday
It was apocalypse in Beirut! The two sectors of the capital as well as the mountain were heavily bombed during 15 hours non-stop, killing 75 persons and injuring 180 others.

\_this day in full \_on this day

July 19, 1982monday
While Beirut was still under blockade, sporadic confrontations opposed the Israelis and the Palestinians, and innocent victims continued to fall. The President of the AUB, David Dodge, was kidnapped in the middle of the campus.

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David Dodge was the acting president of AUB. Two gunmen in a car seized him on the campus; he was held for a year, taken to Iran, and released with Syrian help (Fisk).

July 24, 1982saturday
Bechir Gemayel announced his candidacy for the presidency of the Republic.

\_this day in full the books also date it 26 May 1982, 25 July 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Bashir Gemayel announced his candidacy on 24 July on the Kataeb radio Voice of Lebanon, introduced by his brother Amine (Ménargues; Hanf gives 25 July). The Lebanese Front had already endorsed him on 26 May.

July 27, 1982tuesday
On the eve of the return to Beirut of the US envoy, and the opening of the conference of the Arab Committee, Israel bombed West Beirut. The Palestinian forces retorted by shelling East Beirut. 112 deaths and 232 injuries were reported so far.

\_this day in full the books also date it 26 July 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Among the targets on 27 July was an apartment building on Iskandar Street where, according to Robert Fisk, almost a hundred people were killed.

July 29, 1982thursday
The PLO pledged to withdraw its troops from Beirut.

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July 31, 1982saturday
Around a hundred women from West Beirut headed by the Prime Minister's wife, Whajiha Wazzan, gathered in the American University of Beirut for an open sit-in to protest against the blockade of West Beirut.

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September 1, 1982wednesday
The last Palestinian fighters left Lebanon. In 12 days, 10,876 Fedayin and 2,700 Syrian soldiers had left the Lebanese territory.

\_this day in full the books also date it 21 August 1982, 30 August 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Counts of those evacuated between 21 August and 1 September differ: 14,398 Palestinians and Syrians, including 664 women and children of PLO cadres (de Clerck and Malsagne); 14,938 Palestinians by 30 August (Ménargues); about 15,000 by sea plus 6,500 Syrian and PLA soldiers by land (Hanf). On 1 September President Reagan announced his peace plan.

September 2, 1982thursday
The normalization continued. The Sodeco crossing way was opened to traffic.

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September 4, 1982saturday
The Internal Security Forces deployed in the Southern suburbs.

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September 7, 1982tuesday
According to a United Nations report, between the 6th of June 1982 and the 15th of August 1982, 6,775 persons had been killed and 30,000 others wounded. Over 80% of these victims were civilians form West Beirut. According to the same source, 2,094 seriously injured persons had been burned by phosphor bombs.

\_this day in full the books also date it 4 June 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Figures differ by source and cut-off date. De Clerck and Malsagne cite a Lebanese police report of November 1982 covering 4 June to 21 August: 19,085 dead, 6,775 of them in Beirut and 84% of them civilians, and 30,302 wounded. Ménargues, citing police reports, gives 17,825 dead and 30,103 wounded from 4 June; Fisk gives almost 17,825 dead from 4 June to the end of September. Picard cites UNICEF: 29,506 dead and wounded between 4 June and 15 August, 80% of them civilians in Beirut and its suburbs. The 6,775 dead in the original therefore appear to be Beirut's share only.

September 10, 1982friday
The Marines left Beirut after having accomplished their mission.

\_this day in full the books also date it 11 September 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

The Marines pulled out on 10 September, a week or more before their mandate expired; the Italians left on 11 September and the French on 12–13 September (Ménargues, Hanf). Their last landing craft bore a 'Mission accomplished' banner. The Sabra and Chatila massacre began a few days after the last French troops left.

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