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285 news for June, September, December

with the books

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June 28, 1982monday
The PLO accepted the idea of leaving Beirut to save the city, with, in return, an Israeli withdrawal from the surroundings of the capital.

\_this day in full the books also date it 27 June 1982, 30 June 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Fisk dates the PLO's statement that it would leave Beirut, made public by Saeb Salam, to 30 June; Hanf puts its agreement in principle only at the end of July. On 27 June an Israeli cabinet statement had first floated a negotiated exit: the Lebanese army would take over West Beirut and the disarmed fighters would leave by road for Syria (Ménargues).

September 1, 1982wednesday
The last Palestinian fighters left Lebanon. In 12 days, 10,876 Fedayin and 2,700 Syrian soldiers had left the Lebanese territory.

\_this day in full the books also date it 21 August 1982, 30 August 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Counts of those evacuated between 21 August and 1 September differ: 14,398 Palestinians and Syrians, including 664 women and children of PLO cadres (de Clerck and Malsagne); 14,938 Palestinians by 30 August (Ménargues); about 15,000 by sea plus 6,500 Syrian and PLA soldiers by land (Hanf). On 1 September President Reagan announced his peace plan.

September 2, 1982thursday
The normalization continued. The Sodeco crossing way was opened to traffic.

\_this day in full \_on this day

September 4, 1982saturday
The Internal Security Forces deployed in the Southern suburbs.

\_this day in full \_on this day

September 7, 1982tuesday
According to a United Nations report, between the 6th of June 1982 and the 15th of August 1982, 6,775 persons had been killed and 30,000 others wounded. Over 80% of these victims were civilians form West Beirut. According to the same source, 2,094 seriously injured persons had been burned by phosphor bombs.

\_this day in full the books also date it 4 June 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Figures differ by source and cut-off date. De Clerck and Malsagne cite a Lebanese police report of November 1982 covering 4 June to 21 August: 19,085 dead, 6,775 of them in Beirut and 84% of them civilians, and 30,302 wounded. Ménargues, citing police reports, gives 17,825 dead and 30,103 wounded from 4 June; Fisk gives almost 17,825 dead from 4 June to the end of September. Picard cites UNICEF: 29,506 dead and wounded between 4 June and 15 August, 80% of them civilians in Beirut and its suburbs. The 6,775 dead in the original therefore appear to be Beirut's share only.

September 10, 1982friday
The Marines left Beirut after having accomplished their mission.

\_this day in full the books also date it 11 September 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

The Marines pulled out on 10 September, a week or more before their mandate expired; the Italians left on 11 September and the French on 12–13 September (Ménargues, Hanf). Their last landing craft bore a 'Mission accomplished' banner. The Sabra and Chatila massacre began a few days after the last French troops left.

September 12, 1982sunday
Two bloody confrontations opposed the Army and the I.S.F on one side, and the West Beirut organizations on the other.

\_this day in full \_on this day

September 14, 1982tuesday
Bechir Gemayel was killed by a bomb set in the headquarters of the Phalange Party in Achrafieh. The explosion killed 20 persons and wounded 60 others. The Lebanese President was gone and the hope that had pervaded the hearts of the Lebanese had vanished in seconds.

\_this day in full the books also date it 16 September 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Bashir Gemayel was killed at about 4 p.m. during his weekly visit to the Kataeb office in Ashrafieh, nine days before taking office. The bomb, about 35 kilos of explosive, had been placed two days earlier in the flat above by Habib Tanios Chartouni, a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, arrested on 16 September (Ménargues). Prime Minister Wazzan announced the death at midnight. Hanf counts 26 dead.

September 15, 1982wednesday
Bechir Gemayel's funerals in Bickfaya united the whole country. A national mourning was announced for one week. All Lebanese parties denounced the criminal act that killed the future President of the Republic who was the advocate of a Lebanese identity and of the necessity of reaching a national understanding.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

In Ménargues's account of the Bikfaya funeral, Bashir's coffin was carried from the church of Mar Abda onto a gun carriage before the entire government, the diplomatic corps and every deputy, even those who had boycotted his election. Israeli troops had entered West Beirut at 5 a.m. that day, breaching the agreement negotiated by Philip Habib.

September 16, 1982thursday
The Israelis' attacks against West Beirut continued, killing 31 persons and injuring 121 others. Major damages were also reported.

\_this day in full the books also date it 14 September 1982, 15 September 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Israeli troops entered West Beirut at 5 a.m. on 15 September, the morning after Bashir Gemayel's death, against the commitments given through Philip Habib; Lebanese leftist militias fought them in parts of the city.

September 17, 1982friday
Amine Gemayel, Camille Chamoun and Raymond Eddeh announced their candidacy for the Presidency of the Republic.

\_this day in full the books also date it 16 September 1982 \_on this day

September 17, 1982friday
Jawad Boulos died. He was 82 years old. He was born on January 1, 1900 in Zghorta. This Historian and Philosopher published several books. He studied in the Antoura College before majoring in law from the French Faculty of Law in Beirut. The country lost a lawyer, a deputy, a minister, and one of its greatest historians.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

Jawad Boulos was one of three 'wise men' in the leadership of the Christian Lebanese Front, with Fouad Ephrem Boustani and Charles Malek (Hanf).

September 18, 1982saturday
Hundreds of women, elderly persons, men and children were massacred in the Palestinian camps of Sabra and Chatila. This ignominious act shook the world. Some militias were accused of committing the crime. Nevertheless, as usual in Lebanon, the identity of the murderers remained unknown while the victims were all innocent persons. .

\_this day in full the books also date it 15 September 1982, 16 September 1982, 17 September 1982 \_on this day

\_what the books add

The massacre lasted from the evening of Thursday 16 September to the morning of Saturday 18 September (Traboulsi gives 15-17, Hanf 17-18). The killers were militiamen of the Lebanese Forces' security service under Elie Hobeika, together with men of Saad Haddad's South Lebanon militia. The Israeli army, which controlled the area after entering West Beirut on 15 September, let them into the camps, lit the camps with flares at night and watched from command posts nearby. Israel's Kahan Commission, published on 7 February 1983, held the Phalangists directly responsible and found Defence Minister Ariel Sharon personally responsible, recommending his removal; it also attributed indirect responsibility to other Israeli political and military leaders. Estimates of the dead range from about 460-800 to 3,500; Bayan Nuwayhed al-Hout's survey found victims of twelve nationalities, about half Palestinian and more than a quarter Lebanese.

September 21, 1982tuesday
Amine Gemayel was elected President of the Lebanese Republic, while the Lebanese army took in charge the Palestinian camps.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

Amine Gemayel was elected in the same Fayadiyeh barracks as his brother, with 77 votes of the 80 deputies present (Hanf). On the evening of 20 September Israeli ministers Yitzhak Shamir and Ariel Sharon had met him secretly at Dbayeh (Ménargues).

September 24, 1982friday
The French contingent of the multinational force arrived in Beirut; the Americans and Italians were on their way too.

\_this day in full the books also date it 26 September 1982 \_on this day

September 26, 1982sunday
The Army occupied the positions evacuated by the Israelis in Beirut.

\_this day in full the books also date it 27 September 1982 \_on this day

September 29, 1982wednesday
The Marines disembarked in Beirut while the Israelis were achieving the evacuation of the capital.

\_this day in full \_on this day

December 1, 1982wednesday
The leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, Walid Joumblatt escaped a killing attempt that resulted in 3 dead and 42 injuries.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

The attempt on Walid Jumblatt left him only slightly hurt. Hanf sees it as one more spur to Druze mobilisation, which put about 30,000 men under arms.

December 2, 1982thursday
A wide meeting in Baabda reached an agreement on the creation of a Lebanese strike force in charge of reestablishing order and security in Aley and the Chouf.

\_this day in full \_on this day

December 9, 1982thursday
Meanwhile, the situation deteriorated in Tripoli where violent clashes killed 18 persons and wounded 90 others.

\_this day in full \_on this day

December 18, 1982saturday
In a televised declaration, the US president Ronald Reagan reiterated that 'All the occupying forces should leave Lebanon.'

\_this day in full \_on this day

December 20, 1982monday
The situation flared up in Aley and the fights claimed another 19 victims.

\_this day in full \_on this day

December 28, 1982tuesday
Israeli-Lebanese negotiations started in Lebanon. But Israel was still sticking to its position.

\_this day in full the books also date it 17 May 1983 \_on this day

June 3, 1983friday
An earthquake of 5.3 magnitude on the Richter scale provoked panic but caused no victims.

\_this day in full \_on this day

June 14, 1983tuesday
While the bombardments took a dangerous turn in the mountain as they reached residential areas, the Chamber of Deputies approved the ratification of the Mai 17 agreement with 62 votes against 2 and 4 abstentions.

\_this day in full the books also date it 15 June 1983 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Counts differ: Hanf has 64 for, 2 against and 4 abstentions among 70 deputies present (40 of 50 Christian and 24 of 41 Muslim members in favour); Traboulsi has 65 for, 2 against and 4 abstentions; Fisk puts the vote on 15 June. Traboulsi says the government formally renounced the agreement on 5 March 1984, Amine Gemayel never having signed it.

June 16, 1983thursday
Disguised armed elements fired on the crowd in Tripoli, killing 15 persons. The tensioned lasted several days in the capital of the North.

\_this day in full \_on this day

June 20, 1983monday
Lebanon lost one of its major poets. Nadia Tueni left behind her pages of pure beauty, eternal words, an immortal poetry, a Lebanon on fire, a tearful family, and inconsolable friends.

\_this day in full \_on this day

June 27, 1983monday
Violent combats were raging in the region of Mansouriet-Bhamdoun between the Lebanese Forces and the PSP militia. The bombs reached the Northern Metn.

\_this day in full \_on this day

June 29, 1983wednesday
Philip Habib undertook a new tour in the region. The Lebanese officials informed him in Beirut of their opposition to any partial Israeli withdrawal from the mountain.

\_this day in full \_on this day

September 1, 1983thursday
During the month of September, atrocious massacres were perpetrated against Christian and Druze civilians in the Chouf.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

Massacres were committed on both sides: Druze fighters killed Christians at Bmaryam, Bhamdoun, Ma'asir al-Chouf and many other villages, and Lebanese Forces fighters killed Druze at Kfarmatta and in villages on their line of retreat. For September to December 1983 de Clerck and Malsagne give more than 1,500 Christians and 207 Druze massacred, 324 PSP and 368 Lebanese Forces fighters dead, and over 163,000 Christians driven from the region. Traboulsi gives 62 villages destroyed, Hanf about sixty.

September 4, 1983sunday
Taking the Lebanese authorities by surprise, the Israeli Army began its withdrawal from the Chouf and Aley leaving face to face the militia of the PSP and the LF in a merciless battle. The combats raged mainly around Bhamdoun, Souk El Gharb and Kabr Chmoun. A dramatic situation unfolded in the mountain where thousands of people were forced out of their homes. 30 000 people found temporary shelter in Deir El Kamar. The rehousing of the displaced persons caused a complicated problem for the officials.

\_this day in full the books also date it 3 September 1983 \_on this day

\_what the books add

The Lebanese army had under 24 hours' warning, Fisk writes, before Israeli troops began leaving Aley and the Chouf on the evening of 3 September; by the morning of the 4th they had gone. De Clerck and Malsagne count more than 10,000 Christians from over 60 villages sheltering in Deir el-Qamar.

September 18, 1983sunday
Emir Magid Arslane died at the age of 79. Hero of the independence, deputy since 1931, and several times minister, Emir Magid became very early a true national leader, a perfect incarnation of the generation of men who have shaped the coexistence aspect of Lebanon.

\_this day in full \_on this day

September 19, 1983monday
The American warships pounded the anti-governmental forces in the mountain confirming the American support to the legal authority.

\_this day in full the books also date it 18 September 1983 \_on this day

\_what the books add

From 19 September the destroyer John Rodgers, then the cruiser Virginia, shelled Druze positions at Souk el-Gharb. Washington cited US personnel's safety; Fisk and Hanf see entry into the civil war. Only the frigate Bowen had fired before, on 8 September, at a Druze battery hitting the Marine compound.

September 22, 1983thursday
It was the turn of the French to react. The super-standards bombarded the artillery positions in Dhour Choueir while a bomb shower fell on Greater Beirut.

\_this day in full \_on this day

September 26, 1983monday
Prime Minister Chafic Wazzan presented the resignation of his government to the chief of State, who refused it.

\_this day in full the books also date it 5 February 1984 \_on this day

December 1, 1983thursday
Sheikh Halim Takieddine, Chief of the Druze religious law courts was assassinated; this triggered great emotions in political and religious spheres in Beirut.

\_this day in full \_on this day

December 4, 1983sunday
The Syrian anti-air defense shut down two American airplanes and a pilot was captured. The positions of the Marines at the Beirut International Airport were bombarded. Eight Marines were killed. The American President was angry: 'We will retaliate if we are attacked again'.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

US aircraft struck Syrian positions on 4 December. Fisk counts one plane brought down, with the pilot dead and the co-pilot taken prisoner (Jesse Jackson obtained his release in January 1984); Hanf counts two planes lost. Hanf also places, without a date, the deaths of eight Marines from Syrian artillery fire in the same episode.

December 5, 1983monday
150 kilos of hexogen exploded at Tarik Jdideh spreading terror, killing 16 persons and injuring 100.

\_this day in full \_on this day

December 8, 1983thursday
A water tower exploded in the Bekaa and the flooding provoked a landslide that destroyed 10 houses and killed 20 persons.

\_this day in full \_on this day

December 14, 1983wednesday
The American battleship New Jersey entered into action and launched 11 bombs of 1500 kilos each against Syrian positions in Dahr El Baydar.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

The New Jersey fired shells, not bombs: one-ton 16-inch rounds, according to Fisk. De Clerck and Malsagne say its rounds often missed, by up to 9,000 metres, and killed civilians; Christians called it 'New Jersa', a new shame.

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