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11 news for October, November 1990

with the books
October 1, 1990monday
A pacific demonstration in favor of General Aoun on the bridge of Nahr-el-Mot, ends by a slaughter: 12 deaths and 50 wounded.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

Hanf gives 13 dead and 90 wounded. The candle-carrying marchers were heading for the front between Ashrafieh and the eastern suburbs, held by Lebanese Army troops and Lebanese Forces militiamen alike.

October 11, 1990thursday
Last minute efforts were deployed to avoid a military operation against Baabda and the Eastern regions controlled by General Aoun. Besides, a two kilometers long peace walk on the Kfarchima-Choueifat road grouped 1,000 persons protesting against the blockade.

\_this day in full \_on this day

\_what the books add

Syrian jets flew low over Baabda on 11 and 12 October 1990, with no Israeli reaction. On the 11th Hrawi, on a cabinet decision, had asked Assad in writing for the Syrian military support Taif provided for the Lebanese Army (Hanf).

October 13, 1990saturday
A quick operation following a bombardment by the Syrian aviation permitted to the Lebanese army loyal to the Hoss government to take control of the Baabda palace and Yarze. General Aoun capitulated to avoid bloody fights and took refuge at the French embassy. Fights, according to some estimates, cause 700 deaths.

\_this day in full the books also date it 12 October 1990 \_on this day

\_what the books add

At about 7 a.m. on 13 October 1990 Syrian aircraft started bombing Baabda, and Syrian and Lebanese armour moved in from West Beirut and the mountains. Some two and a half hours later Aoun went to the French embassy; with Ambassador René Ala mediating, and at Hrawi's demand, he told his troops over the radio to obey General Lahoud. Within about eight hours the fighting had ended. Tolls vary: over 200 dead in a single morning (de Clerck and Malsagne); some 400 Syrian soldiers dead (Hanf); 160 Syrian soldiers dead at Dahr el-Wahash alone, by Syrian figures (Fisk); and an initial government figure of 36 dead (Fisk). Picard's chronology places the Syrian attack on 12 October.

October 15, 1990monday
President Mitterand affirms the he will not hand over General Aoun, arguing that 'It is a question of honor'.

\_this day in full the books also date it 13 October 1990, 29 August 1991 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Mitterrand called asylum for Aoun 'a matter of honour' and France granted it, but Beirut refused to let him go; he stayed in the French embassy until taken to France on 29 August 1991.

October 19, 1990friday
While Hraoui and Assad examine the developments following Aoun's departure, the Lebanese Army takes in charge the positions of Amal and Hezbollah in Chiyah.

\_this day in full the books also date it 13 October 1990 \_on this day

October 21, 1990sunday
The leader of the National Liberal Party, Dany Chamoun, his wife Ingrid and his two kids Tarek and Julian were savagely assassinated in there home in Baabda.

\_this day in full the books also date it 13 October 1990 \_on this day

\_what the books add

De Clerck and Malsagne count the murder of Dany Chamoun, his wife and two of their children as the last act of violence between Christian factions. The place is given as Baabda (Confluences) or 'his east Beirut home' (Fisk). Chamoun had backed Aoun, though critically, and was opposed to Syria's presence. Hanf notes that many blamed Syria, but judges that killing a whole family suggests a militia vendetta; Fisk likens it to the Phalangists' earlier killing of Tony Frangieh, his wife and baby. Samir Geagea was later tried for the murder (Picard).

October 25, 1990thursday
The Lebanese Army starts to clear the Nahr-el-Kalb tunnel.

\_this day in full \_on this day

November 5, 1990monday
The Damascus agreement between the Hezbollah and Amal is a copy of the one agreed upon on January 30th 1989. The cease-fire takes effect in the Iqlim-el-Touffah.

\_this day in full the books also date it 6 November 1990, 9 November 1990 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Sources differ on dates. Picard has Damascus and Tehran imposing an Amal–Hezbollah ceasefire on 6 November 1990; de Clerck and Malsagne date the inter-Shi'i accord signed in Damascus to 9 November and, with Aoun's fall, treat it as formally ending the 'civil' war. Hanf says both movements withdrew their fighters from Iqlim al-Tuffah after drawn-out Syrian and Iranian mediation. That final round began in December 1989 (de Clerck and Malsagne, Confluences) or, in Hezbollah's official version, in July 1990, with an Amal siege of nearly 100 days.

November 11, 1990sunday
Amal, the P.S.P., and the Hizbollah evacuated their militiamen from the capital. This evacuation was part of the 'Great Beirut' project, aiming at the reunification and disarmament of the capital. As for the Lebanese Forces, they had to leave Achrafieh on November 19 at the latest.

\_this day in full the books also date it 17 November 1990 \_on this day

\_what the books add

Hanf: the militias were ordered out of Beirut on 17 November 1990, as army units deployed across the capital under a security plan cleared in advance with Syria. Amal (to the south) and the PSP (to the Chouf) left at once, Hezbollah three days later. The Lebanese Forces first set conditions; their pull-out, opened by a military parade on 23 November, ended by 3 December.

November 15, 1990thursday
The electric power is redistributed progressively in various Lebanese regions.

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November 28, 1990wednesday
After 15 months of absence, the US Embassy reopens in Aoukar and the new Ambassador in Beirut, Ryan Crocker, starts his mission initiating a come-back of the American diplomacy on the Lebanese scene.

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