The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The situation went out of control in the mountain as bombs fell on East Beirut.
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138 entries on 129 dates · the books disagree on 25
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February 1983
Friday, 4 February 1983
March 1983
Friday, 4 March 1983
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A Lebanese Army convoy was attacked near Baalbeck. 6 militaries were killed and 13 injured. The assailants were pro-Iranians fighters.
April 1983
Monday, 4 April 1983
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Shiite leaders called for a sit-in South Lebanon.
September 1983
Sunday, 4 September 1983
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Taking the Lebanese authorities by surprise, the Israeli Army began its withdrawal from the Chouf and Aley leaving face to face the militia of the PSP and the LF in a merciless battle. The combats raged mainly around Bhamdoun, Souk El Gharb and Kabr Chmoun. A dramatic situation unfolded in the mountain where thousands of people were forced out of their homes. 30 000 people found temporary shelter in Deir El Kamar. The rehousing of the displaced persons caused a complicated problem for the officials.
What the books addThe Lebanese army had under 24 hours' warning, Fisk writes, before Israeli troops began leaving Aley and the Chouf on the evening of 3 September; by the morning of the 4th they had gone. De Clerck and Malsagne count more than 10,000 Christians from over 60 villages sheltering in Deir el-Qamar.
Art and memory
- place Two died at Qabr Chmoun, one of the battlefields named here, on 30 June 2019, when Jumblatt supporters opposing Gebran Bassil's visit attacked a Druze minister. Bassil's speeches on the 1983 Mountain War were blamed; the crisis eased on 10 August.
- book Paul Andary's Harb al-jabal, al-haqiqa la tarham (The Mountain War: the truth does not forgive) was self-published in Beirut in 1983 and has been reissued several times.
Other date in the books: Saturday, 3 September 1983
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Massacre of Druze villagers at Kfarmatta.
On 4 September the Lebanese Forces took Kfarmatta, a mixed village above the sea, killing over a hundred of its Druze and holding 150 to 200 Druze civilians hostage. Clark Todd, a Canadian television reporter wounded there, died in the village.
On 4 September the Lebanese Forces took Kfarmatta, a mixed village above the sea, killing over a hundred of its Druze and holding 150 to 200 Druze civilians hostage. Clark Todd, a Canadian television reporter wounded there, died in the village.
Sources differ: 107 dead (de Clerck and Malsagne) or 110 (villagers interviewed by Fisk in 1984). De Clerck and Malsagne date the hostage-taking to 4-5 September.
Art and memory
- memorial His widow dedicated a memorial in their Hatfield parish church to him and 'all victims of terrorism'. Five months after he died, French TV found in Kfarmatta the pillowcase bearing his last message home.
November 1983
Wednesday, 2 November 1983
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
At the Geneva conference, the Mai 17 agreement was the main subject of debates. A Gemayel-Frangieh reconciliation took place.
What the books addGeneva's leaders agreed on Lebanon's 'Arab identity'. Fisk saw two reconciliations: Camille Chamoun ended five years of silence with Suleiman Frangieh, and Frangieh's public embrace of Amin Gemayel seemed to close their families' feud.
Friday, 4 November 1983
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Participants in the Geneva conference asked President Gemayel to undertake an Arab and occidental tour in order to attempt solving the problem of the May 17 agreement.
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A car bomb exploded next to the Israeli headquarters in Tyr causing 29 deaths and 29 injured. The Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for this killing attempt.
What the books addFisk puts the Tyre bombing's dead at 60, Israelis and Shin Bet prisoners together, and says some Israeli intelligence officers had known of plans against the building at least eleven months earlier.
December 1983
Sunday, 4 December 1983
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Syrian anti-air defense shut down two American airplanes and a pilot was captured. The positions of the Marines at the Beirut International Airport were bombarded. Eight Marines were killed. The American President was angry: 'We will retaliate if we are attacked again'.
What the books addUS aircraft struck Syrian positions on 4 December. Fisk counts one plane brought down, with the pilot dead and the co-pilot taken prisoner (Jesse Jackson obtained his release in January 1984); Hanf counts two planes lost. Hanf also places, without a date, the deaths of eight Marines from Syrian artillery fire in the same episode.
January 1984
Monday, 2 January 1984
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The year started like the previous one ended : everyone was talking about a new security plan for the mountain and the Southern suburbs of Beirut. Nevertheless, the fights continued intermittently in these regions between the Army and the Lebanese Forces on one side and the Progressive Socialist Party and Amal on the other.
What the books addOn 29 January the Druze resumed attacking the army at Souk al-Gharb, after Shi'i militia sniping at the army and French troops from mid-January, Hanf's next escalation.
Other date in the books: Sunday, 29 January 1984
Wednesday, 4 January 1984
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A double Israeli raid in the region of Baalbeck caused tens of victims and buried many persons under the debris. In Beirut, the electric power was severely rationed by the EDL due to damaged installations in the Iqlim El Kharroub. The acts of resistance against the Israeli occupation continued in South Lebanon. Until the end of 1984, not a single day passed without one, two or three killing attempts perpetrated against Israeli troops or the local militias that they created.
What the books addCounts of attacks on the Israeli army vary by source and period: Fisk reports 15 ambushes a week on average by February 1984 and a hundred attacks in December 1984; de Clerck and Malsagne put suicide attacks at about a hundred a month in 1984.
February 1984
Thursday, 2 February 1984
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The schools closed their doors in the Eastern sector of the capital due to the blind shelling of Beirut and its suburbs.
Other date in the books: Wednesday, 1 February 1984
April 1984
Wednesday, 4 April 1984
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The retired General Antoine Lahd took his functions as head of the South Lebanon Army (SLA) created and financed by Israel. This new militia replaced Saad Haddad's Army of Free Lebanon. Artillery duels continued in Beirut and in the mountain, making the month of April one of the worst months in the Lebanese crisis. In Tripoli, the confrontations between the Islamic Unification Movement and the Arab Democratic Party continued violently for several months.
What the books addDe Clerck and Malsagne date the name 'South Lebanon Army' to April 1985; in 1984 Lahad took over Haddad's existing militia. Hanf says he was a Maronite general from the Chouf, close to Chamoun; de Clerck and Malsagne say he came from Kfar Qatra and had headed army intelligence. Hanf confirms that fighting in Tripoli flared again in 1984.
July 1984
Monday, 2 July 1984
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A rocket attack hit the offices of l'Orient-Le-Jour causing serious damages.
Wednesday, 4 July 1984
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Army was deployed in Greater Beirut. The crossing points were reopened, thus unifying the Eastern and Western sectors of the Capital.
What the books addHanf gives 3 July 1984 for the security plan's entry into force; this entry and entry 725 use 4 July. Hanf adds that the Green Line barricades were cleared at the end of July.
Other date in the books: Tuesday, 3 July 1984
September 1984
Sunday, 2 September 1984
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Jumblatt inaugurates a memorial to the PSP's dead at Beiteddine.
Beiteddine palace, seat of Walid Jumblatt's Civil Administration of the Mountain, hosted a lavish commemoration of the Mountain War, at which he unveiled a big memorial to PSP martyrs on its esplanade.
Beiteddine palace, seat of Walid Jumblatt's Civil Administration of the Mountain, hosted a lavish commemoration of the Mountain War, at which he unveiled a big memorial to PSP martyrs on its esplanade.
Art and memory
- memorial After 1983 Walid Jumblatt reshaped Beiteddine, renamed the 'People's Palace': Emir Bashir's tomb was razed, poems to Bashir Jumblatt replaced inscriptions praising the emir, and PSP martyrs got a memorial in 1984.
Tuesday, 4 September 1984
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Joseph Hachem was appointed Minister of Health and Posts and Telecommunications in replacement of Pierre Gemayel. Malek Salam was appointed president of the Council for Development and Reconstruction. The mandate of Michel El Khoury, Governor of the Central Bank, was extended.
October 1984
Tuesday, 2 October 1984
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The increase of the dollar took dramatic proportions. The green bill exceeded 8 Lebanese Pounds. The President of the Republic held a meeting in Baabda to deal with this crisis. As a result, a series of measures were taken to discourage speculators from contributing to the rise of the Dollar, and put some order in the country's economy.
What the books addDe Clerck and Malsagne give 8.7 pounds to the dollar for 1984, without a month.
January 1985
Friday, 4 January 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A commission was created, including the Lebanese Front, the Progressive Socialist Party, Amal, the Syrian Nationalist Party, and parents of the hostages. The crossing points between the two sectors of the capital were reopened while the plan for the Iqlim was halted because of the conflict between the Progressive Socialist Party and the Lebanese Front.
February 1985
Monday, 4 February 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Nothing could stop the dollar from rising. For the first time, the green bill was exchanged for over 15 Pounds on the Beirut stock market while the French Franc was quoted at 1.55 Pounds. The Lebanese authorities requested help from Saudi Arabia and asked Rafic Hariri to intercede with King Fahd to grant Lebanon 500 million dollars to boost the economy.
What the books addAnnual figures: the pound fell to about 16 to the dollar in 1985 against 6.5 in 1984, with retail inflation of about 70 per cent (Hanf, citing Abou Rjaily and Labaki); de Clerck and Malsagne put the 1985 devaluation at 150 per cent. Hanf notes that rumours of large PLO deposits briefly strengthened the pound in early 1985.
March 1985
Monday, 4 March 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A bomb attack against the Husseiniyeh in Maarakeh killed 11 persons, including two leaders of the Amal movement, and wounded 28 others.
What the books addOn 4 March 1985, a day after an Israeli raid, a bomb on the roof of the resistance office above Maarakeh's mosque killed Khalil Jerardi, nominally Amal but a Hezbollah supporter, and Mohammed Saad, an Amal commander in the south. French UN officers who examined it believed the departing Israelis had left it (Fisk's report, not an established finding).
May 1985
Thursday, 2 May 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Lebanese overseas protested against the recent events in Lebanon. They occupied the Lebanese embassies and consulates in the West, in order to attract the attention of the public opinion to the fate of those living in South Lebanon.
August 1985
Friday, 2 August 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Israeli aviation destroyed the headquarters of the Syrian Nationalist Party in Chtaura after the multiplication of car bombs in South Lebanon.
September 1985
Wednesday, 4 September 1985
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
14 dead and 74 injured persons were reported in Zahleh as a result of a car bomb explosion. Three days later, the Syrians invaded the town.
What the books addSyrian troops entered Zahleh on 7 September after the Lebanese Forces' withdrawal (Hanf).
Other date in the books: Sunday, 11 August 1985
November 1985
Saturday, 2 November 1985
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Lieutenant Georges Chamoun, a Christian officer, is shot dead.
Amal's Islamist dissidents shot dead Lieutenant Georges Chamoun, one of a string of Christian army officers they killed.
Amal's Islamist dissidents shot dead Lieutenant Georges Chamoun, one of a string of Christian army officers they killed.
March 1986
Tuesday, 4 March 1986
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Artillery duels were raging between the Eastern and Western sectors of the capital, killing tens of persons, and wounding hundreds.
April 1986
Friday, 4 April 1986
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The 45 French observers in charge of observing the dividing lines in Beirut and in the Mountain, left Lebanon. Their departure was probably due to political changes in France.
What the books addHanf cites the observers' heavy casualties and a ceasefire nobody respected, which left them nothing to do.
July 1986
Friday, 4 July 1986
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
200 Commandos of the special Syrian forces helped the Lebanese Army and the Internal Security Forces to maintain security in Beirut.
September 1986
Tuesday, 2 September 1986
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The first meeting of the Dialog Committee was held at the Beirut racecourse. The ten members of the government met for the first time since November 1985. The Ministers decided to elaborate a new National Pact.
What the books addThe meetings produced no agreement (Hanf).
Thursday, 4 September 1986
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The war against Westerners had new targets now. It was the turn of UNIFL soldiers to be aggressed. Three French Blue Helmets were killed in Jouaya in South Lebanon. The UN Security Council called for urgent security measures in favor of the UNIFL.
Other date in the books: Tuesday, 23 September 1986
November 1986
Sunday, 2 November 1986
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
An American, David Jacobsen, detained by the Islamic Jihad since the 27th of May 1985, was finally released.
What the books addFisk's account puts the kidnapping on 28 May 1985.
December 1986
Tuesday, 2 December 1986
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A general strike paralyzed the country. The Lebanese were unable to cope with the increase in prices. The leaders couldn't find any solution to the crisis. The popular discontent was on the rise.
January 1987
Friday, 2 January 1987
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Minister of Labor Selim El Hoss signed a decree raising the minimum wage to 3,200 LBP. This decision was a timid ray of light in the heavy economic sky.
What the books addHistorians describe the collapse of real wages behind such decrees: against 1974, the statutory minimum wage kept 13 percent of its buying power at the end of 1986 (Hanf, after Abou Rjaily and Labaki).
February 1987
Monday, 2 February 1987
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Swiss Embassy was the last embassy to close in West Beirut.
March 1987
Wednesday, 4 March 1987
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
After an interruption of three weeks, Lebanese-Syrian negotiations were resumed.
May 1987
Monday, 4 May 1987
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Prime Minister Rachid Karameh announced his resignation but refused to give a written resignation to the Head of State
What the books addBefore resigning, Karami had seen the cabinet reconvene in April to deal with the economic crisis, after months in which the Muslim ministers' boycott of Gemayel had kept it from meeting. Hanf treats his call to open the presidency to every community as the start of the contest for the 1988 presidential election.
July 1987
Thursday, 2 July 1987
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Lebanon has just lost in Kesrouan, Labaki, one of its best journalists and most fervent defenders.
August 1987
Sunday, 2 August 1987
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The President of the Republic's Councillor, Mohamed Choucair, who was a mediator between the Chief of State and the Muslim Opposition, is assassinated in West-Beirut.
What the books addHanf, noting that Shukair's killers stayed unknown, describes a successful businessman who had volunteered to mediate between Christians and Muslims, was well connected in both parts of Beirut and never sought office.
October 1987
Sunday, 4 October 1987
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Fouad Lahoud, deputee of North Metn and President of the Parliamentary Commission of Defense, dies.
December 1987
Wednesday, 2 December 1987
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
While credits are unblocked to buy fuel and service stations are reopened, Victor Cassir, Minister of Industry and Oil, authorizes private companies to import fuel subject to a previous authorization by the Ministry of Oil.
January 1988
Monday, 4 January 1988
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
A Progressive Socialist Party member hijacks a Lebanese Army helicopter. This affair triggers a maritime blockade imposed by the Army on the Chouf region.
February 1988
Tuesday, 2 February 1988
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Jacques Merrin, a Frenchman working for the DGSE, is killed by unknown persons in the neighborhood of the Palace of Justice.
Thursday, 4 February 1988
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The emissary of President Amine Gemayel, Elie Salem, meets with the Secretary of State George Schultz in Washington in the presence of the Sub-Secretary for the Middle East Affairs, Richard Murphy.
May 1988
Wednesday, 4 May 1988
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The affair of the three last French hostages has a happy ending. Marcel Fontaine, Marcel Carton and Jean-Paul Kauffman, detained for three years by the Islamic Jihad, are finally released. Michel Seurat, dead one year after he was made captive, wasn't as lucky.
What the books addJean-Charles Marchiani, the secret negotiator, later confirmed a Franco-Iranian bargain, suspected when the hostages were freed four days before the presidential run-off (de Clerck and Malsagne, p. 411).
Art and memory
- testimony Jean-Paul Kauffmann wrote at length of his three years in captivity in L'Evenement du Jeudi (12-18 May 1988); Fisk judges it the most harrowing account by any Beirut hostage.
August 1988
Thursday, 4 August 1988
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Richard Murphy arrives unexpectedly in Beirut where he defines to the President of the Republic Washington's position.
October 1988
Tuesday, 4 October 1988
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Lebanese Forces announced an agreement on the unification of the forces in the East and took for the first time since 1975 control of the Northern Metn (barracks, offices, military positions), region considered as the fief of the former president Amine Gemayel.
What the books addHanf (p. 248, note 116) confirms that the Kataeb militia of the Metn kept some autonomy until October 1988; the Lebanese Forces took over Gemayel's institutions, such as the Maison du Futur and the daily Le Réveil (p. 613, note 4).
December 1988
Friday, 2 December 1988
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
General Aoun orders the closure of the Museum-Berbir junction; the passage will be re-opened 17 days later.
April 1989
Tuesday, 4 April 1989
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
During a moving ceremony in the Lebanese embassy in Paris, 862 French apply for the Lebanese nationality.
What the books addDe Clerck and Malsagne do not mention the ceremony, but they record a rally outside the Lebanese embassy in Paris that day: more than 2,000 people, brought together by Frédérique Deniau under the slogan 'We are all Lebanese', among them Jean d'Ormesson, Françoise Giroud, Abbé Pierre, André Glucksmann and Claude Mauriac.
May 1989
Tuesday, 2 May 1989
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Aoun recasts his 'war of liberation' as a diplomatic campaign; Syrian shelling starts again.
Within a week Syrian shelling of the enclave was back at full intensity; Hanf says Syria and its allies kept the Arab League ceasefire only a few days. Aoun, having accepted it, recast his war as a diplomatic struggle.
Within a week Syrian shelling of the enclave was back at full intensity; Hanf says Syria and its allies kept the Arab League ceasefire only a few days. Aoun, having accepted it, recast his war as a diplomatic struggle.
Sources differ: Hanf gives 2 May both for Aoun's statement and for the renewed shelling; the shelling date may be a misprint.
November 1989
Saturday, 4 November 1989
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
At the last minute, the deputies decided not to return to Lebanon to meet with general Aoun. At 5 o'clock in the morning, Aoun decided to dissolve the Chamber and asked the members of parliament to adjourn their vote.
What the books addHanf dates Aoun's dissolution, by Decree 420, to 4 November, with elections set for January 1990; Traboulsi places it in September 1989. Raymond Eddé held the decree constitutional; Georges Vedel, the French jurist consulted by Speaker Husseini, found that an interim government could not dissolve parliament.
December 1989
Monday, 4 December 1989
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
Violent combats between Amal and the Hezbollah in the West of the Bekaa end with the expulsion of Amal from the villages in the region.
What the books addThe books place the renewed Amal-Hezbollah fighting of December 1989 in Iqlim al-Touffah, east of Sidon. Hanf says it started after Hezbollah fighters from the Bekaa crossed the zone held by the South Lebanon Army.
February 1990
Friday, 2 February 1990
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
The Sarba garrison and the Jounieh naval base fall to the Lebanese Forces.
Within a few days Geagea held the whole coast of the Christian enclave. Sarba and the Jounieh naval base capitulated to his militia; the smaller army unit in Beirut harbour went to West Beirut and joined General Lahoud.
Within a few days Geagea held the whole coast of the Christian enclave. Sarba and the Jounieh naval base capitulated to his militia; the smaller army unit in Beirut harbour went to West Beirut and joined General Lahoud.
March 1990
Friday, 2 March 1990
The Lebanese war · 111101 entry in the original chronology
The Maronite Patriarch threatens to excommunicate Aoun and Geagea, as well as those how obey them, if they continue their fightings. The threat will remain vain despite its reiteration.
What the books addDe Clerck and Malsagne date Sfeir's threat to late April or early May 1990: Christian soldiers in Aoun's army faced excommunication, and their dead the denial of Christian burial. They list it among the pressures that halted the army's advance on the Lebanese Forces headquarters at Karantina. The original speaks of a reiterated threat.
August 1990
Thursday, 2 August 1990
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
Iraq invades Kuwait; Syria joins the coalition against Iraq.
Iraq's invasion of Kuwait changed Lebanon's situation. Syria, Iraq's long-time rival, joined the US-led coalition and sent an armoured division to Saudi Arabia. Aoun, armed by Iraq and silent on the invasion, was now opposed by Washington and Damascus alike. The books agree that, in return for joining the coalition, Syria got a free hand to bring Aoun down: the 'red line' that had barred Syrian warplanes from the Christian enclave was lifted.
Iraq's invasion of Kuwait changed Lebanon's situation. Syria, Iraq's long-time rival, joined the US-led coalition and sent an armoured division to Saudi Arabia. Aoun, armed by Iraq and silent on the invasion, was now opposed by Washington and Damascus alike. The books agree that, in return for joining the coalition, Syria got a free hand to bring Aoun down: the 'red line' that had barred Syrian warplanes from the Christian enclave was lifted.
December 1990
Tuesday, 4 December 1990
The Lebanese war · Added from the books
The army begins to dismantle the Green Line; Beirut is reunited.
Soldiers began removing the Green Line barricades on 4 December, the day after the Lebanese Forces finished pulling out. Beirut, split since February 1984, was one city again; Hanf adds it was nearly clear of militiamen, as not since 1975.
Soldiers began removing the Green Line barricades on 4 December, the day after the Lebanese Forces finished pulling out. Beirut, split since February 1984, was one city again; Hanf adds it was nearly clear of militiamen, as not since 1975.
January 1993
Monday, 4 January 1993
After the war · From the books
A Ministry for the Displaced and a central fund are created.
Laws 190 and 193 created the ministry and a fund to pay for the return of the displaced, most of them Christians forced out of the Mountain. Walid Jumblatt, whose forces had driven out many of them, ran the ministry from 1992 to 1998.
Laws 190 and 193 created the ministry and a fund to pay for the return of the displaced, most of them Christians forced out of the Mountain. Walid Jumblatt, whose forces had driven out many of them, ran the ministry from 1992 to 1998.
Sources differ: 1992 (Haugbolle; Picard: minister from October 1992) or 4 January 1993 (de Clerck, Abou Jaoudé, citing the laws). The portfolio may predate the founding laws.
August 1997
Monday, 4 August 1997
After the war · From the books
Patriarch Sfeir denounces the mass presence of Syrian workers.
With Hariri's boom slowing from 1996, newspapers led by Al-Nahar spoke of a million or more Syrians exploiting Lebanon; Patriarch Sfeir echoed this, reckoning foreign workers at a quarter of residents.
With Hariri's boom slowing from 1996, newspapers led by Al-Nahar spoke of a million or more Syrians exploiting Lebanon; Patriarch Sfeir echoed this, reckoning foreign workers at a quarter of residents.
August 2001
Saturday, 4 August 2001
After the war · From the books
Patriarch Sfeir's visit to the Chouf seals a Maronite-Druze reconciliation.
Patriarch Sfeir toured the Chouf and called on Walid Jumblatt, eighteen years after the Mountain war; thousands of villagers applauded. Yet most displaced Christians still did not return.
Patriarch Sfeir toured the Chouf and called on Walid Jumblatt, eighteen years after the Mountain war; thousands of villagers applauded. Yet most displaced Christians still did not return.
September 2004
Thursday, 2 September 2004
After the war · From the books
UN Security Council Resolution 1559 demands the withdrawal of foreign forces.
The Franco-American resolution, passed by nine votes with six abstentions, required every foreign force to leave, every militia to disarm and the presidential election to proceed free of outside interference. Walid Jumblatt sided with the opposition, most of it Christian.
The Franco-American resolution, passed by nine votes with six abstentions, required every foreign force to leave, every militia to disarm and the presidential election to proceed free of outside interference. Walid Jumblatt sided with the opposition, most of it Christian.
Saturday, 4 September 2004
After the war · From the books
Hassan Nasrallah rejects Resolution 1559.
June 2005
Thursday, 2 June 2005
Since 2005 · From the books
Journalist and historian Samir Kassir is killed by a car bomb.
Samir Kassir, academic, columnist and a leading voice against Syrian control, died when a bomb went off in his car. Haugbolle treats the killing as the moment post-Syrian Lebanon's disarray grew plain.
Samir Kassir, academic, columnist and a leading voice against Syrian control, died when a bomb went off in his car. Haugbolle treats the killing as the moment post-Syrian Lebanon's disarray grew plain.
Sources differ: 2 June in four sources (de Clerck & Malsagne, Abirached, Quéméner, Khayat) against 1 June in Haugbolle. 2 June has the most support.
Art and memory
- book De Clerck and Malsagne call Samir Kassir's 1994 study, which ends in 1982, a reference work; Kassir himself noted that no academic research yet covered the conflict in its full complexity.
February 2006
Thursday, 2 February 2006
Since 2005 · From the books
The Shiite ministers return to the cabinet.
Their boycott, begun after Tueni's assassination, ended after some seven weeks.
Their boycott, begun after Tueni's assassination, ended after some seven weeks.
Sources differ: Abirached's dates imply a boycott of about seven weeks; Picard's chapter speaks of several months.