Since 2005, 2005–2025 by year · by dates · timeline
Start from 2005 2014 2014 From the books
New rules restrict Syrian refugees' residence and work. Refugees, a quarter to a third of the population from 2014, neared 1.3 million a year later. Lebanon refused official camps; Syrians, once exempt, now needed an entry visa and a Lebanese sponsor (kafil), and most jobs were closed to them under 2014 decrees of the Tammam Salam government.
In the list of 2014 › 2014 year
What the books say
Picard 2014 Picard 2016, ch. VII (L'imbroglio des marges)
Under 2014 decrees Syrians needed a visa and a Lebanese sponsor (kafil), and most occupations were reserved for Lebanese. Refugees, a quarter to a third of the population from 2014, neared 1.3 million in 2015.
Quéméner undated (book of 2017) Quéméner 2017, ch. 3
Quéméner: Syrian refugees needed a sponsor or a $200 residence permit, yet 70 per cent lived below the poverty line.
January 2014 January 2014 From the books
The Special Tribunal begins hearing witnesses. Hezbollah members and accomplices in the Syrian regime were implicated in the STL trial near The Hague, where Lebanese witnesses appeared for both sides.
In the list of 2014 › Jan month
What the books say
Picard à partir de janvier 2014 Picard 2016, ch. VII (L'imbroglio des marges)
Picard: from January 2014 the STL, near The Hague, heard Lebanese witnesses in a case against Hezbollah members and alleged Syrian-regime accomplices.
Thursday, 2 January 2014 From the books
Double bombing in Haret Hreik kills nine. The attack struck the Shiite district of Haret Hreik in Beirut's southern suburb.
In the list of 2014 › 2 Jan
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 2 janvier 2014 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 578
Double attack in Haret Hreik (9 dead).
Thursday, 16 January 2014 From the books
Suicide bombing in Hermel. The suicide attack hit the town of Hermel in the northern Bekaa.
In the list of 2014 › 16 Jan
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 16 janvier 2014 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 578
Suicide attack in Hermel.
Tuesday, 21 January 2014 From the books
Suicide bombing in Haret Hreik. A further suicide attack hit Haret Hreik in the southern suburb.
In the list of 2014 › 21 Jan
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 21 janvier 2014 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 578
Suicide attack in Haret Hreik.
February 2014 February 2014 From the books
Tammam Salam forms a 'national unity' government. Picard: the Salam cabinet rejected any asylum policy, and Lebanon refused official camps for Syrian refugees.
In the list of 2014 › Feb month
What the books say
Picard février 2014 Picard 2016, ch. VII (L'imbroglio des marges)
The national unity government led by Tammam Salam since February 2014.
Monday, 3 February 2014 From the books
Suicide bombing in Choueifat. A suicide bomber struck at Choueifat, south of Beirut.
In the list of 2014 › 3 Feb
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 3 février 2014 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 578
Suicide attack in Choueifat.
Wednesday, 19 February 2014 From the books
Bombing at the Iranian cultural centre in Haret Hreik kills six. The bomb targeted the Iranian cultural centre in Haret Hreik.
In the list of 2014 › 19 Feb
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 19 février 2014 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 578
Attack on the Iranian cultural centre in Haret Hreik (6 dead).
de Clerck & Malsagne janvier-mars 2014 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 466
Nine attacks struck Haret Hreik, Hermel and the Bekaa between January and March 2014 (three in January, four in February, two in March), killing 34 people.
March 2014 March-September 2014 From the books
Repeated suicide attacks on Hezbollah areas in the southern suburb and the Bekaa. Many suicide bombings between March and September 2014 were aimed at Hezbollah targets in Dahiyeh and the Bekaa.
In the list of 2014 › Mar month
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne Mars-septembre 2014 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 578
Many suicide attacks in Dahiyeh and the Bekaa against Hezbollah interests.
de Clerck & Malsagne mars 2014 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 466
Two attacks in March 2014.
April 2014 spring 2014 From the books
A curfew for Syrians is posted in Bourj Hammoud. After a brawl between young Lebanese and Syrian immigrants, the municipality of largely Armenian Bourj Hammoud posted notices barring foreigners and Syrians from its streets from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m.
In the list of 2014 › Apr month
What the books say
Quéméner Au printemps 2014 Quéméner 2017, ch. 3
In spring 2014 municipal posters in Bourj Hammoud told foreigners and Syrians they could not be out between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m.
May 2014 May 2014 From the books
Michel Suleiman's term ends; a second presidential vacancy begins. No head of state would be elected for twenty-nine months.
In the list of 2014 › May month
What the books say
Picard depuis mai 2014 Picard 2016, ch. VI (Le différentiel démocratique)
The executive has had no head of state since May 2014.
Picard depuis mai 2014 Picard 2016, ch. VII (L'imbroglio des marges)
Presidential vacuum since May 2014.
Quéméner 2016 Quéméner 2017, calendar (appendix)
Quéméner: the presidency stayed vacant over two years, twenty-nine months in all, until consensus settled on Michel Aoun.
August 2014 Friday, 15 August 2014 From the books
Ahmad al-Assir is captured. De Clerck and Malsagne's chronology records the arrest of Ahmad al-Assir, the Salafist preacher whose followers fought the army at Abra in June 2013.
In the list of 2014 › 15 Aug
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 15 août 2014 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 578
Capture and arrest of Ahmad al-Assir.
2015 January 2015 Sunday, 18 January 2015 From the books
Israeli strike near Quneitra kills Hezbollah fighters, including Jihad Mughniyeh. An Israeli helicopter strike near Quneitra, on the Syrian-held Golan, killed six Hezbollah men, including local military chief Jihad Mughniyeh, and Iranian military personnel; Hezbollah hit back at an Israeli convoy in the Shebaa enclave.
In the list of 2015 › 18 Jan
What the books say
Quéméner 18 janvier Quéméner 2017, calendar (appendix)
Israeli strike near Quneitra kills six Hezbollah members including Jihad Mughniyeh.
Picard 18 janvier 2015 Picard 2016, ch. VII (L'imbroglio des marges)
Picard (note 22): Hezbollah struck an Israeli convoy in the Shebaa enclave after an Israeli helicopter's rocket killed several of its fighters and Iranian soldiers near Quneitra.
Friday, 30 January 2015 From the books
Nasrallah declares that Hezbollah no longer recognises separate battlefields. Nasrallah said Hezbollah reserved the right to confront the aggressor whenever, wherever and by whatever means it chose.
In the list of 2015 › 30 Jan
What the books say
Picard 30 janvier 2015 Picard 2016, ch. VII (L'imbroglio des marges)
Nasrallah: 'we no longer recognise the separation of battlefields'.
May 2015 Sunday, 24 May 2015 From the books
On the anniversary of Israel's 2000 withdrawal, Nasrallah says Hezbollah will fight wherever needed in Syria. Nasrallah said Hezbollah would be wherever in Syria the battle required, speaking on the fifteenth anniversary of Israel's withdrawal from the South.
In the list of 2015 › 24 May
What the books say
Picard 24 mai 2015 Picard 2016, ch. VII (L'imbroglio des marges)
Picard (note 21): in Beirut on 24 May 2015, fifteen years after Israel's withdrawal, Nasrallah promised that Hezbollah would be present anywhere in Syria the fight required it.
July 2015 summer 2015 From the books
The heights between Qaa and Ras Baalbek become a front of the Syrian war. Pushed out of the Qalamoun, groups claiming al-Nusra, FSA or, later, Islamic State allegiance used Sunni villages of the eastern Bekaa as rear bases.
In the list of 2015 › Jul month
What the books say
Picard Dans l'été 2015 Picard 2016, ch. VII (L'imbroglio des marges)
Picard places one of the main fronts of the war for Syria in summer 2015 in the jurd, the heights above the Bekaa villages between Ras Baalbek and Qaa.
Friday, 17 July 2015 From the books
Rubbish collection stops in Beirut: the garbage crisis begins. Sukleen's collection contract expired on 17 July and the post-war dump, meant to last five or six years, was overflowing; with politicians unable to agree on a new site, rubbish piled up.
In the list of 2015 › 17 Jul
What the books say
Quéméner Depuis le 17 juillet Quéméner 2017, ch. 5
Quéméner: Sukleen's contract with the state ended on 17 July 2015; with the old landfill full, rubbish piled up.
Picard l'automne 2015 Picard 2016, ch. VI (Le différentiel démocratique)
Protesters against the disastrous waste management by 'stinking' authorities, autumn 2015.
Confluences entre 2015 et 2018 Confluences 2020, Roula Abi Habib Khoury & Dima de Clerck, 'Liban, trente ans après la fin des hostilités en 1990 : la guerre dans le rétroviseur ?'
From 2015 to 2018 civil-society groups protested over the handling of rubbish and plans to install incinerators.
August 2015 Saturday, 22 August 2015 From the books
'You Stink' protests fill central Beirut (22-23 August). Protests called by the citizens' collective 'You Stink' denounced government incompetence; clashes between more than ten thousand people and police left dozens injured. Reder says the movement helped bring about the Beirut Madinati list.
In the list of 2015 › 22 Aug
What the books say
Quéméner Le 22 et le 23 août Quéméner 2017, ch. 5
The 'You Stink' collective rallied Beirut residents for street protests on 22 and 23 August, which met with some police violence.
Quéméner En août Quéméner 2017, calendar (appendix)
In August 2015 over 10,000 protesters answering the new 'You Stink' collective clashed with police; dozens were hurt.
Confluences 2015 Confluences 2020, Emeraude Reder, 'Désinvestir la mémoire : le cas d'étude du musée Beit Beirut'
'You Stink', born of the 2015 rubbish crisis, helped give rise to Beirut Madinati, a civil-society list in the 2016 municipal elections.
November 2015 Thursday, 12 November 2015 From the books
Double suicide bombing in Burj al-Barajneh, the deadliest since the civil war. Two suicide bombers struck in quick succession beside a community centre and a bakery in Burj al-Barajneh, in the Shi'i southern suburb; the Islamic State claimed responsibility. Parliament had sat that day for the first time in months.
In the list of 2015 › 12 Nov
The books disagree
Dead: 43 in de Clerck and Malsagne's chronology, 44 in their epilogue and Quéméner's calendar, 50 in his narrative, which also places the attack in 'Dbaiyeh', evidently a slip, since the calendar says Burj al-Barajneh.
de Clerck & Malsagne 12 novembre 2015 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 578
Double attack in Burj al-Barajneh (43 dead).
de Clerck & Malsagne 12 novembre 2015 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 466
Double suicide attack in Burj al-Barajneh (44 dead).
Quéméner 12 novembre Quéméner 2017, calendar (appendix)
Claimed by Daesh, the bombing killed at least 44, Lebanon's deadliest attack since the civil war ended.
Quéméner 12 novembre 2015 Quéméner 2017, ch. 7
Narrative of the attack (motorbike, community centre, bakery, second bomber); the same day MPs met in parliament.
2016 March 2016 Saturday, 19 March 2016 From the books
Beirut's rubbish is finally collected and taken to new landfills. Quéméner notes that one of the two new landfills had been sited too near Beirut's international airport.
In the list of 2016 › 19 Mar
What the books say
Quéméner 19 mars Quéméner 2017, calendar (appendix)
On 19 March 2016 the rubbish fouling Beirut was at last carted off to purpose-made dumps.
Quéméner Au bout de longs mois Quéméner 2017, ch. 5
Quéméner: after long months, Beirut's waste went to the old landfill and two new dumps, one too near the airport.
April 2016 April 2016 From the books
Refugee pressure: the labour minister asks for help; Hollande pledges aid. In April 2016 Labour Minister Sejaan Azzi, citing 25 per cent unemployment and 1.5 million Syrians, asked the US ambassador to take the refugee burden off Lebanon. Visiting Beirut that month, François Hollande announced 50 million euros a year in refugee aid for 2016-2018.
In the list of 2016 › Apr month
What the books say
Quéméner En avril 2016 Quéméner 2017, ch. 3
In April 2016 Labour Minister Sejaan Azzi put unemployment at 25 per cent and the number of Syrians at 1.5 million.
Quéméner avril 2016 Quéméner 2017, ch. 8
During his April 2016 visit to Beirut, Hollande pledged €50 million a year for 2016-2018 to help Syrian refugees.
May 2016 Sunday, 8 May 2016 From the books
Beirut municipal elections: Hariri's list beats the civil-society list Beirut Madinati. Saad Hariri's list won Beirut's council over Beirut Madinati ('Beirut, my city'), a civil-society slate that proposed deliberative urban planning and fielded engineers, architects, artists and researchers; Reder links it to the 2015 'You Stink' protests. Some 80 per cent of voters abstained.
Art and memory artwork A 111101 project presents the 2016 Beirut municipal vote interactively, from the results and the electoral rolls (/Projects/Municipalities/results-beirut.php and voters-beirut.php).In the list of 2016 › 8 May
What the books say
Quéméner 8 mai Quéméner 2017, calendar (appendix)
Quéméner: Saad Hariri's slate took Beirut's municipal council on 8 May 2016, defeating the civil-society list 'Beyrouth Madinati'.
Quéméner en mai 2016 Quéméner 2017, ch. 5
Quéméner: Beirut Madinati failed to get voters out in May 2016; abstention in Beirut reached 80 per cent.
Confluences élections municipales de 2016 Confluences 2020, Emeraude Reder, 'Désinvestir la mémoire : le cas d'étude du musée Beit Beirut'
Reder links Beirut Madinati, the civil-society list in the 2016 municipal elections, to the 2015 'You Stink' movement; its members were engineers, architects, artists and researchers, among them Mona El-Hallak, and it proposed deliberative urban planning.
July 2016 summer 2016 From the books
Beit Beirut, the memory museum in the Barakat building, is inaugurated but stays closed. The municipality inaugurated Beit Beirut, the old snipers' building on the demarcation line, but kept it shut; its 2008-2016 restoration saw repeated quarrels among the municipality, architect and scientific committee. Paris's mayor visited in September.
Art and memory memorial Beit Beirut, the old Barakat building on the demarcation line, was the municipality's planned museum of the city's memory. Reder finds that in 2016-2019 artists and NGOs, not the municipality, kept it alive.In the list of 2016 › Jul month
What the books say
Confluences inauguré en 2016; été 2016 Confluences 2020, Emeraude Reder, 'Désinvestir la mémoire : le cas d'étude du musée Beit Beirut'
Beirut municipality inaugurated Beit Beirut in 2016, after rehabilitation begun in 2008, but has opened it only occasionally; that summer's press coverage was critical, and Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo made an official visit in September.
de Clerck & Malsagne à partir de 2003 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 435
Beirut's municipality decided to turn the Barakat building, a sniper post on the demarcation line, into the Beit Beirut museum, a conversion under way from 2003.
Tuesday, 5 July 2016 From the books
A Syrian refugee camp is burned in Akkar. A small Syrian refugee camp in Akkar, a poor Sunni region, was set on fire on the night of 5-6 July.
In the list of 2016 › 5 Jul
What the books say
Quéméner dans la nuit du 5 au 6 juillet Quéméner 2017, ch. 3
A small camp of Syrian refugees in Akkar was set alight overnight on 5-6 July 2016.
October 2016 Monday, 31 October 2016 From the books
Michel Aoun is elected President after twenty-nine months of vacancy. Aoun, 81, ended a vacancy of over two years. A surplus envelope voided the last two of three rounds held before his election, Quéméner notes.
In the list of 2016 › 31 Oct
What the books say
Quéméner 31 octobre Quéméner 2017, calendar (appendix)
Elected on 31 October 2016 at 81, Aoun ended a vacancy of over two years; two of three ballots were voided over an extra envelope.
Confluences 31 octobre 2016 Confluences 2020, Dima de Clerck & Stéphane Malsagne, 'Le Hezbollah dans le rétroviseur de la guerre « civile »'
Some of Hezbollah's critics see Michel Aoun's election on 31 October 2016 as showing that no president gets in without its approval.
de Clerck & Malsagne début du mandat Aoun de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 465
Fajr al-Jurud took place early in Aoun's mandate.
November 2016 Thursday, 3 November 2016 From the books
Saad Hariri is designated Prime Minister. Hariri was named three days after Aoun's election.
In the list of 2016 › 3 Nov
What the books say
Quéméner 3 novembre Quéméner 2017, calendar (appendix)
Saad Hariri designated Prime Minister.
2017 February 2017 February 2017 From the books
President Aoun tells the UN refugee chief that Syrians cannot stay in Lebanon for good. Aoun told UN refugee chief Filippo Grandi the refugees could not stay permanently and the world must help them home, but Lebanon would force no one back while Syria was unsafe.
In the list of 2017 › Feb month
What the books say
Quéméner en février dernier (book of 2017) Quéméner 2017, ch. 3
Quéméner: meeting UN refugee chief Filippo Grandi in February 2017, Aoun said Syrians could not settle in Lebanon for good.
August 2017 Saturday, 19 August 2017 From the books
The army launches operation 'Fajr al-Jurud' against the Islamic State on the eastern border. On President Aoun's orders the army moved against Islamic State and al-Nusra fighters holding the arid hills of Ras Baalbek and al-Qaa, while Hezbollah attacked al-Nusra from the Syrian side, a rare tacit cooperation. The jihadists held out for several days before surrendering, and a truce let the survivors and their families go to eastern Syria.
In the list of 2017 › 19 Aug
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 19 août 2017 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 579
Operation 'Fajr al-Jurud' of the Lebanese army against Daesh.
de Clerck & Malsagne à partir du 19 août 2017 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 465
Operation Fajr al-Jurud, launched on President Aoun's orders from 19 August 2017, targeted al-Nusra and Daesh fighters in the dry border uplands around Ras Baalbek and al-Qaa.
de Clerck & Malsagne plusieurs jours de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 466
After several days both groups surrendered, the army fighting Daesh and Hezbollah fighting al-Nusra from Syria; a truce let survivors and families leave for eastern Syria.
November 2017 Saturday, 4 November 2017 From the books
Saad Hariri announces his resignation from Riyadh. President Aoun refused the resignation Saad al-Hariri announced live from Riyadh; in the view of some Lebanese officials he was acting under Saudi duress and being held there against his will.
In the list of 2017 › 4 Nov
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 4 novembre 2017 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 579
Hariri announces his resignation under duress from Riyadh.
de Clerck & Malsagne 4 novembre 2017 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 466
President Aoun refused to accept the resignation Saad Hariri broadcast from Riyadh on 4 November 2017, and a diplomatic crisis followed.
Tuesday, 21 November 2017 From the books
Hariri returns to Beirut and soon withdraws his resignation. His return followed intense international mediation, especially by France.
In the list of 2017 › 21 Nov
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 21 novembre 2017 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 466
With France prominent among the mediators, Hariri left Saudi Arabia, reached Lebanon on 21 November 2017 and soon took back his resignation.
2018 January 2018 January 2018 From the books
The United States returns five antiquities looted from Eshmoun. One of the returned pieces was a life-size white marble bull's head from the Eshmoun sanctuary north of Sidon, plundered during the war.
In the list of 2018 › Jan month
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne janvier 2018 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 414
Five antiquities looted from the Eshmoun temple site near Sidon, one of them a marble bull's head, were handed back by the United States in January 2018.
May 2018 Sunday, 6 May 2018 From the books
First parliamentary elections in nine years. Postponed for five years, the vote drew low turnout amid mistrust. Activists from the waste protests ran on independent lists; one unaffiliated candidate won a seat.
In the list of 2018 › 6 May
What the books say
Confluences 6 mai 2018 Confluences 2020, Roula Abi Habib Khoury & Dima de Clerck, 'Liban, trente ans après la fin des hostilités en 1990 : la guerre dans le rétroviseur ?'
After five years of delays, parliamentary elections were held on 6 May 2018, with independent lists standing across the country.
Confluences mai 2018 Confluences 2020, Carmen Hassoun Abou Jaoudé, 'Opportunités et défis de la justice transitionnelle au Liban'
Law 105 on the missing was passed on 12 November 2018 by the parliament elected that May.
November 2018 Monday, 12 November 2018 From the books
Parliament adopts Law 105 on the missing and forcibly disappeared. Wadad Halwani, head of the committee of families of the kidnapped and disappeared, whose husband was taken in 1982, broke down as deputies applauded. The law created a commission to trace detainees believed alive in Syria, identify remains in mass graves and investigate wartime forced disappearances.
Art and memory testimony Wadad Halwani founded the Committee of the Families of the Kidnapped and Disappeared after her husband was abducted in 1982. He is still missing; the vote renewed her hope.film De Clerck and Malsagne cite Daniele Rugo's documentary The Soil and the Sea (2023), co-produced with Carmen Hassoun Abou Jaoudé, among war-memory works inspired by the missing.In the list of 2018 › 12 Nov
The books disagree
Estimates differ. The most quoted figure, 17,415, comes from the Committee of the Kidnapped and Disappeared (founded 1982); NGOs count 5,000 to 8,000 forced disappearances (Hassoun Abou Jaoudé; de Clerck & Malsagne p. 419).
Confluences 12 novembre 2018 Confluences 2020, Carmen Hassoun Abou Jaoudé, 'Opportunités et défis de la justice transitionnelle au Liban'
Elected only in May 2018, the new parliament adopted Law 105 on the disappeared on 12 November 2018, in a sitting the author calls memorable, with Wadad Halwani sobbing amid deputies' applause.
de Clerck & Malsagne 2018 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 419
Law 105, adopted in 2018, created a commission to identify remains from three mass graves found in 2000 and to investigate the 5,000-8,000 enforced disappearances on NGO lists.
2019 June 2019 Sunday, 30 June 2019 From the books
Deadly incident at Qabr Chmoun during a visit by Gebran Bassil. Two people died at Qabr Chmoun when Walid Jumblatt's supporters, contesting a visit by Foreign Minister Gebran Bassil, attacked a Druze minister close to Talal Arslan. Some likened it to the 1975 Ain al-Rummaneh bus; many Christians stayed away from their Mountain villages that summer.
In the list of 2019 › 30 Jun
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 30 juin 2019 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 455
Two people died on 30 June 2019 when Jumblatt loyalists, protesting at Bassil's visit, attacked a Druze minister allied to Arslan; some likened it to the 1975 bus.
Confluences 30 juin 2019 Confluences 2020, Dima de Clerck, 'Kamal et Walid Joumblatt, architectes et entrepreneurs d'une mémoire druze libanaise'
For de Clerck, Qabr Shmoun (30 June 2019) was the latest intra-Druze clash in a series especially deadly since 2008.
August 2019 Saturday, 10 August 2019 From the books
Jumblatt and Arslan are reconciled under President Aoun's sponsorship. The meeting ended the crisis opened by the Qabr Chmoun incident of 30 June.
In the list of 2019 › 10 Aug
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 10 août de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 455
President Aoun brokered a reconciliation between Jumblatt and Arslan on 10 August 2019, which calmed the affair.
October 2019 range (2019-2021) From the books
Financial collapse: the pound loses 98 per cent of its value. GDP fell from 52 to 21.8 billion dollars between 2019 and 2021, and the dollar rose from 1,500 to 89,600 pounds. Some call the elite's large-scale diversion of bank savings the 'heist of the century'. By 2024 about 44 per cent of the population lived below the poverty line.
In the list of 2019 › Oct month
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne Entre 2019 et 2021 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 24
Between 2019 and 2021 GDP fell from 52 to 21.8 billion dollars and the pound, once 1,500 to the dollar, sank to 89,600, a 98 per cent loss; bank savings were diverted wholesale.
de Clerck & Malsagne 2024 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 25
The collapse wiped out the middle class; by 2024 close to 44 per cent of the population lived below the poverty line.
Confluences after 17 October 2019 Confluences 2020, Roula Abi Habib Khoury & Dima de Clerck, 'Liban, trente ans après la fin des hostilités en 1990 : la guerre dans le rétroviseur ?'
Repeated closures of roads, schools, universities and banks and the falling lira reminded many Lebanese of the war, the authors write.
Thursday, 17 October 2019 From the books
A tax on WhatsApp calls sets off the 17 October uprising. Protest began with angry crowds on the Ring bridge, the old East-West demarcation line, and quickly spread nationwide. Cutting across communities and known as hirak, intifada or thawra, the movement wanted a corrupt political class replaced and institutions rebuilt. Parties and financial interests soon hijacked it; de Clerck and Malsagne judge that it ended up deepening divisions.
In the list of 2019 › 17 Oct
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 17 octobre 2019 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 579
On 17 October 2019 protests against corruption and the economic crisis began, known as hirak, thawra or intifada.
de Clerck & Malsagne 17 octobre 2019 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 23
A proposed tax on WhatsApp set off the movement, which cut across communities before parties, financial interests and opportunists took it over.
Confluences 17 octobre 2019 Confluences 2020, Roula Abi Habib Khoury & Dima de Clerck, 'Liban, trente ans après la fin des hostilités en 1990 : la guerre dans le rétroviseur ?'
On 17 October 2019 protesters massed on Beirut's Fouad Chehab 'Ring' bridge, which once marked the line between East and West.
de Clerck & Malsagne octobre 2019 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 470
Some saw the 2019 uprising as the start of a new internal conflict, others as the final end of the civil war in renewed national unity.
2020 January 2020 Tuesday, 21 January 2020 From the books
Hassan Diab forms a government. Protesters rejected the cabinet over Hezbollah's role in forming it and its ties to the old political class; six women among twenty ministers changed little.
In the list of 2020 › 21 Jan
What the books say
Confluences 21 janvier 2020 Confluences 2020, Roula Abi Habib Khoury & Dima de Clerck, 'Liban, trente ans après la fin des hostilités en 1990 : la guerre dans le rétroviseur ?'
Hassan Diab formed his government on 21 January 2020; six of its twenty ministers were women.
Confluences 21 janvier 2020 Confluences 2020, Dima de Clerck & Stéphane Malsagne, 'Le Hezbollah dans le rétroviseur de la guerre « civile »'
Hezbollah's role in forming Diab's government was among the protesters' grievances.
February 2020 Tuesday, 11 February 2020 From the books
Parliament votes confidence in Diab's government despite road blocks. 84 MPs reached parliament and 63 voted in favour.
In the list of 2020 › 11 Feb
What the books say
Confluences 11 février 2020 Confluences 2020, Roula Abi Habib Khoury & Dima de Clerck, 'Liban, trente ans après la fin des hostilités en 1990 : la guerre dans le rétroviseur ?'
On 11 February 2020 the Diab cabinet won a confidence vote of 63, after 84 deputies got past attempts to block the roads to parliament.
June 2020 Wednesday, 17 June 2020 From the books
The US Caesar Act against Syria comes into force, hitting Lebanon's economy. The new US sanctions on Syria hurt Lebanon's trade and deterred Western investors just as its financial crisis worsened.
In the list of 2020 › 17 Jun
What the books say
de Clerck & Malsagne 17 juin 2020 de Clerck & Malsagne 2025, p. 24
From 17 June 2020 the US Caesar Act sanctions on Syria hurt Lebanon's commerce and held back Western investment.
Load more End of the chronology.
